6,439 research outputs found
Dust of Dark Energy
We introduce a novel class of field theories where energy always flows along
timelike geodesics, mimicking in that respect dust, yet which possess non-zero
pressure. This theory comprises two scalar fields, one of which is a Lagrange
multiplier enforcing a constraint between the other's field value and
derivative. We show that this system possesses no wave-like modes but retains a
single dynamical degree of freedom. Thus, the sound speed is always identically
zero on all backgrounds. In particular, cosmological perturbations reproduce
the standard behaviour for hydrodynamics with vanishing sound speed. Using all
these properties we propose a model unifying Dark Matter and Dark Energy in a
single degree of freedom. In a certain limit this model exactly reproduces the
evolution history of Lambda-CDM, while deviations away from the standard
expansion history produce a potentially measurable difference in the evolution
of structure.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures. Added references, corrected language
Perbandingan Pemberian Antibiotik Profilaksis Ceftriaxon Dan Non-ceftriaxon Terhadap Kejadian Surgical Site Infection Pasca Kolesistektomi
Latar belakang : Surgical Site Infection (SSI) merupakan salah satu komplikasi pascaoperasi yang harus dihindari. Penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis diharapkan dapat mengurangi kejadian SSI. Pemilihan jenis antibiotik profilaksis yang tepat dibutuhkan agar penggunaan antibiotik menjadi rasional dan efektif.Tujuan : Membandingkan pemberian antibiotik profilaksis ceftriaxone dan non ceftriaxone terhadap kejadian SSI pada pasien kolesistolitiasis yang dilakukan laparoskopi dan laparotomi kolesistektomi.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan metode penelitian cross sectional, dilaksanakan di bagian rekam medik RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Pasien dibagi menjadi kelompok yang diberikan antibiotik ceftriaxone dan non ceftriaxone baik yang dilakukan laparoskopi kolesistektomi atau laparotomi kolesistektomi. Data tersebut dianalisis dengan uji Fisher dan perhitungan risiko dengan Prevalnce Ratio menggunakan tabel 2x2.Hasil : Diantara variabel yang diteliti hanya variabel jenis kelamin yang bermakna dengan nilai p = 0,023. Sedangkan untuk perbedaan jenis pemberian antibiotik profilaksis (p = 0,636) dan jenis tindakan operasi (p = 0,066) tidak bermakna. Uji regresi logistik untuk variabel jenis kelamin dan umur tidak bisa dilakukan. Jenis operasi laparotomi kolesistektomi memiliki risiko 4,583 lebih besar untuk terjadinya SSI (Interval Kepercayaan 95% = 1,050 - 20,003)Kesimpulan : Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara pemberian antibiotik profilaksis ceftriaxone dan non ceftriaxone pada pasien kolesistolitiasis yang dilakukan laparoskopi atau laparotomi kolesistektomi terhadap kejadian SSI
Probabilities in the inflationary multiverse
Inflationary cosmology leads to the picture of a "multiverse," involving an
infinite number of (spatially infinite) post-inflationary thermalized regions,
called pocket universes. In the context of theories with many vacua, such as
the landscape of string theory, the effective constants of Nature are
randomized by quantum processes during inflation. We discuss an analytic
estimate for the volume distribution of the constants within each pocket
universe. This is based on the conjecture that the field distribution is
approximately ergodic in the diffusion regime, when the dynamics of the fields
is dominated by quantum fluctuations (rather than by the classical drift). We
then propose a method for determining the relative abundances of different
types of pocket universes. Both ingredients are combined into an expression for
the distribution of the constants in pocket universes of all types.Comment: 18 pages, RevTeX 4, 2 figures. Discussion of the full probability in
Sec.VI is sharpened; the conclusions are strengthened. Note added explaining
the relation to recent work by Easther, Lim and Martin. Some references adde
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Chromatin signature of widespread monoallelic expression
In mammals, numerous autosomal genes are subject to mitotically stable monoallelic expression (MAE), including genes that play critical roles in a variety of human diseases. Due to challenges posed by the clonal nature of MAE, very little is known about its regulation; in particular, no molecular features have been specifically linked to MAE. In this study, we report an approach that distinguishes MAE genes in human cells with great accuracy: a chromatin signature consisting of chromatin marks associated with active transcription (H3K36me3) and silencing (H3K27me3) simultaneously occurring in the gene body. The MAE signature is present in âŒ20% of ubiquitously expressed genes and over 30% of tissue-specific genes across cell types. Notably, it is enriched among key developmental genes that have bivalent chromatin structure in pluripotent cells. Our results open a new approach to the study of MAE that is independent of polymorphisms, and suggest that MAE is linked to cell differentiation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01256.00
Decomposition of homogeneous polynomials with low rank
Let be a homogeneous polynomial of degree in variables defined
over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and suppose that
belongs to the -th secant varieties of the standard Veronese variety
but that its minimal
decomposition as a sum of -th powers of linear forms is
with . We show that if then such a
decomposition of can be split in two parts: one of them is made by linear
forms that can be written using only two variables, the other part is uniquely
determined once one has fixed the first part. We also obtain a uniqueness
theorem for the minimal decomposition of if the rank is at most and a
mild condition is satisfied.Comment: final version. Math. Z. (to appear
Influence of the Fermi Surface Morphology on the Magnetic Field-Driven Vortex Lattice Structure Transitions in YBaCuO0, 0.15
We report small-angle neutron scattering measurements of the vortex lattice
(VL) structure in single crystals of the lightly underdoped cuprate
superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.85. At 2 K, and for fields of up to 16 T applied
parallel to the crystal c-axis, we observe a sequence of field-driven and
first-order transitions between different VL structures. By rotating the field
away from the c-axis, we observe each structure transition to shift to either
higher or lower field dependent on whether the field is rotated towards the
[100] or [010] direction. We use this latter observation to argue that the
Fermi surface morphology must play a key role in the mechanisms that drive the
VL structure transitions. Furthermore, we show this interpretation is
compatible with analogous results obtained previously on lightly overdoped
YBa2Cu3O7. In that material, it has long-been suggested that the high field VL
structure transition is driven by the nodal gap anisotropy. In contrast, the
results and discussion presented here bring into question the role, if any, of
a nodal gap anisotropy on the VL structure transitions in both YBa2Cu3O6.85 and
YBa2Cu3O7
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Global Analysis of Predicted G Protein-Coupled Receptor Genes in the Filamentous Fungus, Neurospora crassa.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate facets of growth, development, and environmental sensing in eukaryotes, including filamentous fungi. The largest predicted GPCR class in these organisms is the Pth11-related, with members similar to a protein required for disease in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. However, the Pth11-related class has not been functionally studied in any filamentous fungal species. Here, we analyze phenotypes in available mutants for 36 GPCR genes, including 20 Pth11-related, in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. We also investigate patterns of gene expression for all 43 predicted GPCR genes in available datasets. A total of 17 mutants (47%) possessed at least one growth or developmental phenotype. We identified 18 mutants (56%) with chemical sensitivity or nutritional phenotypes (11 uniquely), bringing the total number of mutants with at least one defect to 28 (78%), including 15 mutants (75%) in the Pth11-related class. Gene expression trends for GPCR genes correlated with the phenotypes observed for many mutants and also suggested overlapping functions for several groups of co-transcribed genes. Several members of the Pth11-related class have phenotypes and/or are differentially expressed on cellulose, suggesting a possible role for this gene family in plant cell wall sensing or utilization
Imperfect Dark Energy from Kinetic Gravity Braiding
We introduce a large class of scalar-tensor models with interactions
containing the second derivatives of the scalar field but not leading to
additional degrees of freedom. These models exhibit peculiar features, such as
an essential mixing of scalar and tensor kinetic terms, which we have named
kinetic braiding. This braiding causes the scalar stress tensor to deviate from
the perfect-fluid form. Cosmology in these models possesses a rich
phenomenology, even in the limit where the scalar is an exact Goldstone boson.
Generically, there are attractor solutions where the scalar monitors the
behaviour of external matter. Because of the kinetic braiding, the position of
the attractor depends both on the form of the Lagrangian and on the external
energy density. The late-time asymptotic of these cosmologies is a de Sitter
state. The scalar can exhibit phantom behaviour and is able to cross the
phantom divide with neither ghosts nor gradient instabilities. These features
provide a new class of models for Dark Energy. As an example, we study in
detail a simple one-parameter model. The possible observational signatures of
this model include a sizeable Early Dark Energy and a specific equation of
state evolving into the final de-Sitter state from a healthy phantom regime.Comment: 41 pages, 7 figures. References and some clarifying language added.
This version was accepted for publication in JCA
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