Morning-After Decisions: Legal Mobilization Against Emergency Contraception in Chile

In Chile, the Criminal Code bans all forms of abortion. Furthermore, the Constitution—drafted and enacted by the Military Junta led by General Augusto Pinochet—was inspired by a conservative version of Catholic natural law championed by prominent Chilean constitutional law scholars. This Article traces the emergence, development, and ultimately the defeat of a persistent legal mobilization driven by natural law-inspired litigants, politicians, and scholars against levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception, also known as the morning-after pill. In their decade-long efforts at legal mobilization, these natural law litigants used every tool of the Chilean legal system to challenge the legality and the constitutionality of the morning-after pill. This case of legal mobilization demonstrates both the strengths and the weaknesses of conservative political and religious networks in Latin America, and it demonstrates both the potential and limitations of litigation-led policymaking in civil law countries

El proceso constituyente en curso en Chile

Chile está atravesando, se dice, un proceso constituyente. Pero, ¿hacia dónde se dirige este proceso? ¿Y desde dónde transita? ¿Qué explica que dicho evento esté ocurriendo? Cualquier intento por responder adecuadamente dichas interrogantes debe situar tal discusión en el contexto que le dio origen a dicho proceso, so pena de fracasar como explicación plausible del mismo, convirtiéndose sencillamente en puro nonsense, o incluso peor, en nada más que bullshit

Linajes del concepto de discriminación: de su ausencia a su emergencia y su recepción en la Constitución de la República de Chile de 1980

This article contributes to the production of a genealogy of the concept of discrimination by reviewing some of the lineages that make up its biography. To that end it focuses on its absence from Chilean constitutional thought during most of its history, identifies the emergence of its two senses –“arbitrary” discrimination and “structural” discrimination– in 19th century United States, and examines the way that it was inscribed in the text of the 1980 Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile where it was employed as a means to codify the economic rationality of market decisions and to protect an understanding of human nature based on Catholic natural law.Resumen: El presente artículo esboza los supuestos y estrategias de una historia conceptual de la discriminación, aproximación al estudio histórico de esta problemática que ilustra identificando usos discursivos de dicha palabra que muestran que el origen del concepto en cuestión se encuentra en el Estados Unidos de la posguerra civil, donde adquirió un renovado significado conceptual a partir de la experiencia de la segregación racial, para posteriormente abordar las circunstancias que permitieron la constitucionalización del concepto de discriminación en el Chile de Augusto Pinochet, donde fue empleado como medio para codificar una comprensión neoliberal de los derechos fundamentales.Absytract: This article contributes to the production of a genealogy of the concept of discrimination by reviewing some of the lineages that make up its biography. To that end it focuses on its absence from Chilean constitutional thought during most of its history, identifies the emergence of its two senses –“arbitrary” discrimination and “structural” discrimination– in 19th century United States, and examines the way that it was inscribed in the text of the 1980 Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile where it was employed as a means to codify the economic rationality of market decisions and to protect an understanding of human nature based on Catholic natural law

Gestión administrativa y control interno en el Programa INABIF-2016

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre la gestión administrativa y el control interno en el Programa INABIF-2016; la muestra estuvo constituida por 90 trabajadores administrativos del programa INABIF-2016, siendo un muestreo no probabilístico censal puesto que se tomó a toda la población. El método empleado en la investigación fue el hipotético deductivo, esta investigación utilizó para su propósito el diseño no experimental de tipo descriptivo y correlacional, que recogió la información en un período específico, que se desarrolló al aplicar el instrumento cuestionario para ambas variables con una escala de Likert, que brindaron información acerca de la las variables de estudio y sus dimensiones, cuyos resultados se presentan gráfica y textualmente. A través de los resultados obtenidos se observó que el 5,6% de los trabajadores perciben una gestión administrativa de nivel eficiente, el 71,1% perciben un nivel regular y un 23,3% un nivel deficiente. Y con respecto a la variable control interno se obtuvo que el 3,3% de los trabajadores perciben un nivel eficiente, el 76,7% perciben un nivel regular y un 20% un nivel deficiente. Concluyendo en que la gestión administrativa tiene una alta relación con la variable control interno, según la correlación de Spearman de 0.841 con una significancia estadística de p=0.000 siendo menor que el 0.05

Procesos de innovación en la industria mexicana

Movilidad técnica internacionalEl objetivo de este artículo se centra en analizar el papel que juega los procesos de innovación en la dinámica del crecimiento económico de México. La innovación juega un papel fundamental en la competitividad empresarial, lo que hace importante estudiar los principales factores que inciden en el progreso y aumento en los indicadores globales en materia de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. PREGUNTA ORIENTADORA 2. OBJETIVO 3. REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA 4. METODOLOGÍA Y PRESENTACIÓN DE RESULTADOS 5. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 6. CONCLUSIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSEspecializaciónEspecialista en Formulación y Evaluación Social y Económica de Proyecto

Homomorphic Filtering for Improving Time Synchronization in Wireless Networks

Wireless sensor networks are used to sample the environment in a distributed way. Therefore, it is mandatory for all of the measurements to be tightly synchronized in order to guarantee that every sensor is sampling the environment at the exact same instant of time. The synchronization drift gets bigger in environments suffering from temperature variations. Thus, this work is focused on improving time synchronization under deployments with temperature variations. The working hypothesis demonstrated in this work is that the clock skew of two nodes (the ratio of the real frequencies of the oscillators) is composed of a multiplicative combination of two main components: the clock skew due to the variations between the cut of the crystal of each oscillator and the clock skew due to the different temperatures affecting the nodes. By applying a nonlinear filtering, the homomorphic filtering, both components are separated in an effective way. A correction factor based on temperature, which can be applied to any synchronization protocol, is proposed. For testing it, an improvement of the FTSP synchronization protocol has been developed and physically tested under temperature variation scenarios using TelosB motes flashed with the IEEE 802.15.4 implementation supplied by TinyOS

Habitual yogurt consumption and health-related quality of life: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a global indicator of perceived health status, which includes physical and mental domains. Several biological mechanisms might support an association between consumption of yogurt and better HRQL. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the association between habitual yogurt consumption and HRQL in the general adult population. DESIGN: We conducted a prospective study with 4,445 individuals aged 18 years and older who were recruited in 2008 to 2010 and were followed up to 2012. Habitual yogurt consumption was assessed at baseline with a validated diet history. HRQL was measured with the Physical Composite Summary and the Mental Composite Summary of the Spanish version of the SF-12 Health Survey. The analysis of the association between baseline yogurt consumption and HRQL at 2012 was performed with linear regression and adjusted for the main confounders, including baseline HRQL. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 3.5 years (standard deviation=0.6 years). Compared with nonconsumers of yogurt, the Physical Composite Summary scores were similar in habitual consumers of ≤6 servings/week (β=.40; P=0.20) and in consumers of ≥1 serving/day (β=.25; P=0.45). A suggestion of tendency toward a lower Mental Composite Summary score was found among daily yogurt consumers (β=-.65; P=0.09; P for trend across categories=0.07). Results were similar among individuals without morbidity, never smokers, and individuals with higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual yogurt consumption did not show an association with improved HRQL

Non-Invasive Forehead Segmentation in Thermographic Imaging

The temperature of the forehead is known to be highly correlated with the internal body temperature. This area is widely used in thermal comfort systems, lie-detection systems, etc. However, there is a lack of tools to achieve the segmentation of the forehead using thermographic images and non-intrusive methods. In fact, this is usually segmented manually. This work proposes a simple and novel method to segment the forehead region and to extract the average temperature from this area solving this lack of non-user interaction tools. Our method is invariant to the position of the face, and other different morphologies even with the presence of external objects. The results provide an accuracy of 90% compared to the manual segmentation using the coefficient of Jaccard as a metric of similitude. Moreover, due to the simplicity of the proposed method, it can work with real-time constraints at 83 frames per second in embedded systems with low computational resources. Finally, a new dataset of thermal face images is presented, which includes some features which are difficult to find in other sets, such as glasses, beards, moustaches, breathing masks, and different neck rotations and flexions

Major dietary patterns and risk of frailty in older adults: A prospective cohort study

Background: There is emerging evidence of the role of certain nutrients as risk factors for frailty. However, people eat food, rather than nutrients, and no previous study has examined the association between dietary patterns empirically derived from food consumption and the risk of frailty in older adults. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 1,872 non-institutionalized individuals aged ≥60 years recruited between 2008 and 2010. At baseline, food consumption was obtained with a validated diet history and, by using factor analysis, two dietary patterns were identified: a ‘prudent’ pattern, characterized by high intake of olive oil and vegetables, and a ‘Westernized’ pattern, with a high intake of refined bread, whole dairy products, and red and processed meat, as well as low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Participants were followed-up until 2012 to assess incident frailty, defined as at least three of the five Fried criteria (exhaustion, weakness, low physical activity, slow walking speed, and unintentional weight loss). Results: Over a 3.5-year follow-up, 96 cases of incident frailty were ascertained. The multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of frailty among those in the first (lowest), second, and third tertile of adherence to the prudent dietary pattern were 1, 0.64 (0.37–1.12), and 0.40 (0.2–0.81), respectively; P-trend = 0.009. The corresponding values for the Westernized pattern were 1, 1.53 (0.85–2.75), and 1.61 (0.85–3.03); P-trend = 0.14. Moreover, a greater adherence to the Westernized pattern was associated with an increasing risk of slow walking speed and weight loss. Conclusions: In older adults, a prudent dietary pattern showed an inverse dose-response relationship with the risk of frailty while a Westernized pattern had a direct relationship with some of their components. Clinical trials should test whether a prudent pattern is effective in preventing or delaying frailtyBaseline data collection was funded by Sanofi-Aventis. Data collection during follow-up was funded by the Spanish Government grants 09/1626 and 09/0104 (Ministry of Health of Spain). Funding specific for this analysis was obtained from the Spanish Government grant 12/1166 (Ministry of Health of Spain) and the FP7-HEALTH-2012-Proposal No: 305483–2 (FRAILOMIC Initiative). Funders had no role in data analyses, preparation of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit it for publicatio