INFLUENCE OF TANGENTIAL CUTTING FORCE ON A STRESS STATE OF GRINDING INSTRUMENT

Estimation of influence of tangential cutting force on a stress state of grinding instrument

Розробка автоматизованої системи промислової динаміки

The object of research is the process of determining the main indicators of the functioning of a manufacturing enterprise using the method of system dynamics. Any enterprise for the production and sale of products is a complex socio-economic system that is closely related to the external environment through input and output channels. The external environment determines the conditions for the functioning of the enterprise and can be described by a set of a large number of different parameters, the values of which will dynamically change and are fundamentally indeterminate.Coordination and control over material and financial flows at a manufacturing enterprise is often a separate problem. The interaction of financial resources and material flows, which are selected by the enterprise as the main ones in accordance with market requirements and the specifics of the activity, must be coordinated accordingly to achieve a more efficient operation of the enterprise. Therefore, the task of the presented study is to develop a model of material and financial flows of a production enterprise with its further software implementation. The purpose of the software implementation is to further conduct experiments with the model to determine the main indicators of the production enterprise, depending on changes in the functioning parameters due to the external environment.All the variety of modeling methods considered in modeling theory can be conditionally divided into two groups: analytical and simulation modeling. To solve the problem of this study, simulation modeling was used, which provides for the construction of a model with characteristics adequate to the original on the basis of a certain information principle.In the course of the research, a model of material and financial flows of a production enterprise was built. The mathematical model of flows was developed using the system dynamics method by J. Forrester. An automated system was also developed, which is a software implementation of the proposed model.The automated system of industrial dynamics of a production enterprise developed in the study will significantly increase the efficiency and scientific validity of decisions regarding the management of material and financial resources.Объектом исследования является процесс определения основных показателей функционирования производственного предприятия с использованием метода системной динамики. Любое предприятие по производству и реализации продукции представляет собой сложную социально-экономическую систему, которая тесно связана с внешней средой через входные и выходные каналы. Внешняя среда определяет условия функционирования предприятия и может быть описана совокупностью большого количества различных параметров, значения которых динамично изменятся и являются принципиально индетерминованными.Отдельной проблемой чаще всего есть координация и контроль за материальными и финансовыми потоками на производственном предприятии. Взаимодействие финансовых средств и материальных потоков, которые выбраны предприятием в качестве основных согласно рыночным требованиям и специфике деятельности, должно быть скоординировано соответствующим образом для достижения более эффективной работы предприятия. Поэтому задачей представленного исследования является разработка модели материальных и финансовых потоков производственного предприятия с дальнейшей ее программной реализацией. Назначение программной реализации состоит в дальнейшем проведении экспериментов с моделью для определения основных показателей работы производственного предприятия в зависимости от изменений параметров функционирования, обусловленных внешней средой.Все разнообразие способов моделирования, рассмотренных в теории моделирования, можно условно разделить на две группы: аналитическое и имитационное. Для решения задачи данного исследования использовано имитационное моделирование, которое предусматривает построение модели с характеристиками, адекватными оригиналу на основании определенного информационного принципа.В ходе исследований была построена модель материальных и финансовых потоков производственного предприятия. Математическая модель потоков была разработана с помощью метода системной динамики Дж. Форрестера. Также была разработана автоматизированная система, которая является программной реализацией предложенной модели.Разработанная в исследовании автоматизированная система промышленной динамики производственного предприятия позволит существенно повысить эффективность и научную обоснованность решений относительно управления материальными и финансовыми ресурсамиОб’єктом дослідження є процес визначення основних показників функціонування виробничого підприємства з використанням системної динаміки. Будь-яке підприємство з виробництва та реалізації продукції є складною соціально-економічною системою, яка тісно пов’язана з зовнішнім середовищем через вхідні та вихідні канали. Зовнішнє середовище визначає умови функціонування підприємства та може бути описано сукупністю великої кількості різних параметрів, значення яких динамічно змінюються та є принципово індетермінованими.Окремою проблемою найчастіше стає координація та контроль за матеріальними та фінансовими потоками на виробничому підприємстві. Взаємодія фінансових коштів та матеріальних потоків, які обрані підприємством у якості основних за ринковими вимогами та специфікою діяльності, повинна були скоординована належним чином для досягнення більш ефективної роботи підприємства. Тому задачею представленого дослідження є розробка моделі матеріальних та фінансових потоків виробничого підприємства з подальшою її програмною реалізацією. Призначення програмної реалізації полягає в проведенні експериментів з моделлю для визначення основних показників роботи виробничого підприємства залежно від зміни параметрів функціонування, обумовлених зовнішнім середовищем.Все різноманіття способів моделювання, розглянутого теорією моделювання, можна умовно розділити на дві групи: аналітичне та імітаційне. Для рішення задачі даного дослідження застосовано імітаційне моделювання, яке передбачає побудову моделі з характеристиками, адекватними оригіналу, на основі певного інформаційного принципу.В ході дослідження було побудовано модель матеріальних та фінансових потоків виробничого підприємства. Математичну модель потоків було розроблено за допомогою методу системної динаміки Дж. Форрестера. Також було розроблено автоматизовану систему, що є програмною реалізацією запропонованої моделі.Розроблена в дослідженні автоматизована система промислової динаміки виробничого підприємства дозволить суттєво підвищити ефективність та наукову обґрунтованість рішень стосовно управління матеріальними та фінансовими ресурсами

Losartan effects on liver cytochromes CYP3A, CYP2C and CYP2E1 functioning at metabolic syndrome in young and adult rats

CYP450-dependent interactions and toxicological consequences of hypoglycemic and antihypertensivedrugs used in treatment of children with metabolic syndrome (MS) remained unclear. Our aim was to carryout a complex estimation of metabolic syndrome and losartan mediated changes in CYP3A, CYP2C, CYP2E1mRNA expression, corresponding marker enzymes activities, liver antioxidant system and lipid peroxidationparameters of adult and pubertal rats. Wistar albino male rats of two age categories (young animals of 21days age (50–70 g) and adults (160–180 g) were divided into 6 groups (6 animals in each): 1 – Control 1(intact young rats); 2 – Control 2 (intact adult rats); 3 –young rats with MS; 4 – adult rats with MS; 5 – youngrats with MS+losartan; 6 – adult rats with MS+ losartan. The metabolic syndrome model was inducedby full replacement of drinking water with 20% fructose solution (200 g/l). After 60 days of MS modeling,investigation of rat liver CYP3A, CYP2C, CYP2E1 mRNA expression, their marker enzymes activities, lipidperoxidation parameters were carried out. Losartan administration caused increase of CYP3A, CYP2Cand CYP2E1 mRNA expression rates in both age groups. Marker enzymes, glutathione transferase andreductase rates were normalized only in adult rats. In group of pubertal animals losartan administration ledto CYP3A and CYP2C marker enzymes activities normalization. Liver reduced glutathione contents remaineddecreased in both age groups. Thus, losartan demonstrates some age-dependent effectiveness towardsnormalization of CYP450 isoforms expression rates, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, erythromycin-N-demethylaseand diclofenac hydroxylase activities, but not glutathione system and lipid peroxidation rates

Poremećaji reprodukcijske funkcije u mužjaka štakora uzrokovani unosom tekućine bogate fruktozom od 23 dana starosti do puberteta

There is compelling evidence that a hypercaloric, high-fructose diet can cause metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a whole range of other metabolic changes. In the context of androgen deficiency, MetS in boys merits special attention, but the effects of fructose-rich diet in youth on future male reproductive function are still poorly evidenced. The aim of this study was to address this issue and analyse the effects of high-fructose intake starting from weaning to puberty (postnatal day 23 up to 83) on the reproductive function of male rats. For this purpose juvenile male Wistar rats were divided in two groups: control and the group receiving 10 % fructose solution instead of drinking water. Reproductive function was evaluated in terms of fertility, sperm count, testes/epididymis morphology, and serum sex hormones. The fructose-treated group showed a decrease in testosterone and twofold increase in luteinising and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in the serum. This was accompanied with lower testis/epididymis weights, sperm count, and changed testis/epididymis morphology. Their fertility remained unchanged, but the fertility of females mating with these males diminished. In addition, pre-implantation and post-implantation embryonic death rate rose in these females. Our results have confirmed that high fructose consumption from early age until puberty can impair the reproductive function of male rats, and call for further animal and epidemiological investigation.Postoje snažni dokazi da hiperkalorična prehrana bogata fruktozom može uzrokovati metabolički sindrom (MetS) i cijeli niz drugih promjena u metabolizmu. U smislu androgene deficijencije, MetS u dječaka izaziva posebnu pažnju, ali nema mnogo spoznaja o učincima prehrane bogate fruktozom u ranoj mladosti na buduću reprodukcijsku funkciju u muškaraca. Stoga je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio analizirati učinke unosa tekućine bogate fruktozom u mladih mužjaka štakora od trenutka kad su prestali sisati (23 dana starosti) do puberteta (83 dana starosti) na njihovu reprodukcijsku funkciju. U tu su svrhu muški Wistar štakori podijeljeni u dvije skupine: kontrolnu i onu koja je primala 10 %-tnu otopinu fruktoze umjesto vode za piće. Parametri procjene reprodukcijske funkcije obuhvatili su plodnost, broj spermija, morfologiju testisa (sjemenika) i epididimisa (pasjemenika) te razine spolnih hormona u serumu. U skupini koja je primala fruktozu zamijećeno je smanjenje razine testosterona i dvostruko povećanje razina luteinizirajućega i folikulostimulirajućega hormona u serumu u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Te su promjene popraćene padom težine testisa i epididimisa, broja spermija te promjenama u morfologiji testisa i epididimisa. Plodnost im se nije promijenila, ali je zato plodnost ženki koje su se parile s mužjacima izloženima fruktozi bila smanjena. Osim toga, u tih se ženki povećala smrtnost embrija prije i nakon implantacije u odnosu na ženke koje su se parile s kontrolnim mužjacima. Naši rezultati potvrđuju pretpostavku da konzumacija hrane i pića bogatih fruktozom od rane dobi do puberteta može oštetiti reprodukcijsku funkciju u štakora. Stoga je potrebno provesti daljnja istraživanja u životinja te epidemiološka istraživanja u ljudi

Effects of Metformin and Preparations With Pleiotropic Effects on Testicular Biochemical Indices of Rats With Juvenile-Onset Metabolic Syndrome

Background. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of disorders characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, arterial hypertension, and all types of metabolic disorders. Taking into account the wide range of symptoms accompanying MS, the use of preparations with pleiotropic effects on metabolic processes in the body could be promising for its treatment. Objective. The aim of this study is comparative estimation of metformin or its combination with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment effects on DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes in testes of rats with MS induced in juvenile age. Methods. MS model was induced by full replacement of drinking water with 10% fructose solution in Wistar male rats of 21–23 days age (50–70 g). DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes investigations were carried out after 60 days of MS modeling and metformin or its combination with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment. Results. In experiments with pubertal rats with MS and metformin or its combination vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment, we established partially corrective effects of these medications for DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes changes caused by MS development. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the studied preparations' effects under MS simulation in the juvenile age showed that none of these drugs was able to completely normalize the disorders in studied indicators caused by MS. However, both combinations of metformin with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation were still more effective in these negative changes' correction then metformin itself. Metformin with vitamins' complex caused a more pronounced influence on the processes of DNA fragmentation, the levels of adenyl nucleotides, and the energy charge of rat testicular cells, while the corrective effect of metformin with liposomal preparation was more noticeable with respect to the content of chromatin components

Ekspresija CYP2E1 u testisima štakora i alkoholom prouzrokovane promjene indeksa spermatogeneze i kolagena tipa I

This study is a complex investigation of alcohol-mediated changes in CYP2E1 mRNA and protein expression in the testes, as well as spermatogenesis indices and type I collagen amino acid contents, in male rats. Wistar albino male rats were divided into two groups: I – control (intact animals), II – experimental (chronic alcoholism, exposure to a 15 % ethanol aqueous solution during 150 days). The destructive changes in the spermatogenic epithelium were accompanied by a decrease in sperm number and motility time. CYP2E1 mRNA and protein expression were elevated in the testes 3 and 1.4 times, respectively. Also, significantly lower contents of lysine, glutamic acid, serine, proline, alanine, valine, and phenylalanine residues accompanied by an increase of hydroxyproline, glycine, and threonine residue contents were detected in the skin type I collagen of the experimental group. Chronic ethanol consumption caused testicular failure along with an overexpression of CYP2E1 mRNA and protein in the testes as well as quantitative changes in type I collagen amino acid contents. The profound alcohol-mediated changes in collagen type I amino acid contents may have affected the spermatogenic epithelium state. The modulation of testicular cytochrome P450 2E1 mRNA and protein expression could change the functioning of this isozyme in target organs and take part in the mechanism of ethanol gonadotoxicity.Ovo istraživanje proučava alkoholom uzrokovane promjene u ekspresiji CYP2E1 mRNA i bjelančevina iz testisa, indeksu spermatogeneze i aminokiselinskom sastavu kolagena tipa I u muških štakora. Albino štakori tipa Wistar podijeljeni su u dvije skupine: I – kontrolna, II – eksperimentalna (kronični alkoholizam, izloženi 150 dana 15-postotnoj vodenoj otopini etanola). Destruktivne promjene u spermatogenetskom epitelu popraćene su smanjenjem broja i pokretljivosti spermija. Ekspresija mRNA gena CYP2E1 i bjelančevina bila je povišena u testisima 3, odnosno 1,4 puta. Također, u kolagenu tipa I ustanovljene su značajno manje količine lizina, glutaminske kiseline, serina, prolina, alanina, valina i fenilalanina, te veće količine ostataka hidroksiprolina, glicina i treonina. Kronična konzumacija etanola uzrokovala je otkazivanje testisa uz izraženu ekspresiju mRNA CYP2E1 i bjelančevina u testisima, te kvantitativne promjene u aminokiselinama kolagena tipa I. Izražene alkoholom prouzrokovane promjene mogle su utjecati na spermatogenetski epitel. Modulacija ekspresije mRNA testikularnog citokroma P450-2E1 i bjelančevina mogla bi promijeniti djelovanje ovoga izozima u ciljnim organima te sudjelovati u mehanizmu gonadotoksičnosti etanola

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in Ukraine.

Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic parasite worldwide, but it has received limited attention in Ukraine. A seroepidemiological study was conducted and samples from 452 wild boars that had been hunted in 2006-2011 in 23 of the 25 regions of Ukraine were tested to estimate T. gondii seroprevalence. A locally available commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the investigation. Additionally, we tested 92 of the sera using a widely used commercial multi-species ELISA and an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). With the locally available ELISA, 35 of the 452 wild boars tested positive, yielding a seroprevalence estimate of 7.7% (95% confidence interval 5.5-10.5). The seropositive wild boars originated from eight of the regions. Using the majority criteria, 10/92 samples tested using both ELISAs and the IFAT were considered positive, yielding an estimated seroprevalence of 10.9% within the subset of samples. The highest seroprevalence was observed in wild boars hunted in Luhans'k (30.0%), Odesa (17.7%) and Kharkiv (12.7%). Seroprevalence was higher in older animals (13.3% for age group >12 months and 7.7% for age group ≤12 months). This is the first seroepidemiological study of T. gondii in wild boars in Ukraine. Assuming that seropositivity indicates presence of infectious parasites in the tissues, eating undercooked meat of wild boars hunted in Ukraine could be a potential source of infection to other hosts, including humans

The versatility of carboxytherapy in pathogenic therapy

Carbon dioxide is a powerful physiological regulator (physiological and pharmacological pacemaker) of numerous body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, excretory, hematopoietic, immune,etc. Therefore, at present, carboxytherapy, due to the universal nature of pharmacodynamics, its physiology is one of the methods widely used in medicine for the treatment of a large number of diseases and has received official recognition in many countries worldwide. The use of CO2 in surgery is not limited to disinfection of surgical wounds, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and antioxidant effects. Inhaling carbon dioxide in a low concentration (3-5%) has a reflex stimulating effect on the respiratory and vasomotor centers of the medulla oblongata: it causes deep and rapid breathing, and excitation of the vasomotor center - an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. This reflex effect of CO2 is used during anesthesia to stimulate pulmonary ventilation with a mixture of CO2 and O2 (carbogen) while suppressing pulmonary ventilation. Inhalation of CO2 helps with vascular collapse to increase cerebral blood flow. Thus, carboxytherapy in the complex of pharmacotherapeutic treatment of diseases is a worthy alternative to drugs that have synergistic pathogenetic (antioxidant, antihypoxic, anti-inflammatory) and symptomatic (vasodilator, analgesic, hypolipidemic, antiseptic, reparative) effects. Keywords: carbon dioxide, carboxytherapy, pathogenic therapy

Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia

BACKGROUND Patients with elevated triglyceride levels are at increased risk for ischemic events. Icosapent ethyl, a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, lowers triglyceride levels, but data are needed to determine its effects on ischemic events. METHODS We performed a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with established cardiovascular disease or with diabetes and other risk factors, who had been receiving statin therapy and who had a fasting triglyceride level of 135 to 499 mg per deciliter (1.52 to 5.63 mmol per liter) and a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 41 to 100 mg per deciliter (1.06 to 2.59 mmol per liter). The patients were randomly assigned to receive 2 g of icosapent ethyl twice daily (total daily dose, 4 g) or placebo. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina. The key secondary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. RESULTS A total of 8179 patients were enrolled (70.7% for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events) and were followed for a median of 4.9 years. A primary end-point event occurred in 17.2% of the patients in the icosapent ethyl group, as compared with 22.0% of the patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.83; P<0.001); the corresponding rates of the key secondary end point were 11.2% and 14.8% (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.83; P<0.001). The rates of additional ischemic end points, as assessed according to a prespecified hierarchical schema, were significantly lower in the icosapent ethyl group than in the placebo group, including the rate of cardiovascular death (4.3% vs. 5.2%; hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.98; P=0.03). A larger percentage of patients in the icosapent ethyl group than in the placebo group were hospitalized for atrial fibrillation or flutter (3.1% vs. 2.1%, P=0.004). Serious bleeding events occurred in 2.7% of the patients in the icosapent ethyl group and in 2.1% in the placebo group (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with elevated triglyceride levels despite the use of statins, the risk of ischemic events, including cardiovascular death, was significantly lower among those who received 2 g of icosapent ethyl twice daily than among those who received placebo. (Funded by Amarin Pharma; REDUCE-IT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01492361