A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Molecular Ecology Resources published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.Peer reviewe

Status quosta uudistumiseen. Kvantitatiivinen tutkimus kunnallisen työntekijän ja työyhteisön sisäiseen yrittäjyyteen vaikuttavista tekijöistä

This doctoral dissertation examines the factors affecting the intrapreneurship of the municipal employee and the work community. Intrapreneurship can be broadly defined as entrepreneurship within an existing organization. It is based on the Schumpeterian concept of entrepreneurship, emphasizing the new creative process of entrepreneurship, and its dimensions include new business, innovation, renewal and proactivity (Antoncic & Hisrich 2001). In this dissertation research, the core of intrapreneurship is renewal. Renewal is the opposite of the status quo, the existing state of affairs, where current practices are not seen as requiring change. Intrapreneurship is one way to encourage and utilize individuals in organizations who think that things can be done differently and better (Hisrich, Peters & Shepherd 2008). The conditions for intrapreneurship can also be found well in municipal organizations, as they do not differ significantly from the private sector (Heinonen & Paasio 2005). The research task of this dissertation research has been to develop a renewal model for municipal employees and work communities. The goal was to create a structural equation model which indicates the statistically significant factors for intrapreneurship on individual and collective levels. The material collected through the electronic survey includes the responses of nearly 3 000 municipal employees to the 72 statements and 16 background information questions, and the free-form comments of about 400 respondents. The representativeness of the material is good, and the results can be generalized to all employees and work communities in the Finnish municipal sector. Based on the renewal model for municipal employees and work communities developed in this doctoral dissertation research, intrapreneurship is positively affected by psychological ownership, joy of work, helping and leadership style, both on the individual and collective level. The direct effect of work community joy on intrapreneurship is negative, but through the paths of psychological ownership, joy of work and helping, the total effect of work community joy on intrapreneurship is positive. Moreover, the renewal model for municipal employee and work community is valid regardless of employee background factors such as age, gender and education level.Tämä väitöskirja tarkastelee kunnallisen työntekijän ja työyhteisön sisäiseen yrittäjyyteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Sisäinen yrittäjyys voidaan määritellä laajasti yrittäjyydeksi olemassa olevassa organisaatiossa. Se perustuu schumpeterilaiselle käsitykselle yrittäjyydestä korostaen yrittäjyyden uutta luovaa prosessia, ja sen ulottuvuuksia ovat uusi liiketoiminta, innovatiivisuus, uudistuminen ja proaktiivisuus (Antoncic & Hisrich 2001). Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa sisäisen yrittäjyyden ydin on uudistuminen. Uudistuminen on vastakohta status quolle, asioiden vallitsevalle tilalle, jossa nykyisiä toimintatapoja ei nähdä tarpeen muuttaa. Sisäinen yrittäjyys on yksi tapa kannustaa ja hyödyntää yksilöitä organisaatioissa, jotka ajattelevat, että asioita voidaan tehdä eri tavalla ja paremmin (Hisrich, Peters & Shepherd 2008). Sisäisen yrittäjyyden edellytykset ovat hyvin löydettävissä myös kunnallisissa organisaatioissa, sillä ne eivät poikkea merkittävästi yksityisestä sektorista (Heinonen & Paasio 2005). Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tutkimustehtävänä on ollut kehittää kunnallisen työntekijän ja työyhteisön uudistumisen malli. Tavoitteena oli luoda rakenne-yhtälömallit, jotka osoittavat sisäiseen yrittäjyyteen tilastollisesti merkitsevästi vaikuttavat tekijät yksilö- ja yhteisötasolla. Sähköisellä kyselyllä kerätty aineis-to käsittää lähes 3 000 kunnallisen työntekijän vastaukset 72 väittämään ja 16 taustatietokysymykseen, sekä noin 400 vastaajan vapaamuotoiset kommen-tit. Aineiston edustavuus on erittäin hyvä ja tulokset ovat yleistettävissä Suo-men kuntasektorin kaikkiin työntekijöihin ja työyhteisöihin. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen aikana kehitetyn kunnallisen työntekijän ja työyhteisön uudistumisen mallin perusteella sisäiseen yrittäjyyteen vaikuttaa positiivisesti psykologinen omistajuus, työnilo ja auttaminen sekä johtamistyyli, niin yksilötasolla kuin yhteisötasollakin. Työyhteisöilon suora vaikutus sisäiseen yrittäjyyteen on negatiivinen, mutta psykologisen omistajuuden, työnilon ja auttamisen polkujen kautta työyhteisöilon kokonaisvaikutus sisäiseen yrittäjyyteen on kuitenkin positiivinen. Vertailuryhmittäin tehdyt rakenneyhtälömallinnukset osoittavat lisäksi, että kunnallisen työntekijän ja työyhteisön uudistumisen malli on validi riippumatta työntekijöiden taustatekijöistä kuten mm. ikä, sukupuoli ja koulutustaso

Uudistuva yrittäjyys maaseudulla : esseitä ja esimerkkejä

Maaseudun yrittäjyys nivoo yhteen monia eri tieteenaloja ja lähestymistapoja. Yrittäjyyden olemusta, merkitystä ja edellytysten kehittämistä on mahdotonta lähestyä vain yhdestä suunnasta. Kiinnostus maaseutua kohtaan on noususuunnassa yhteiskunnassamme. Maaseutu tarjoaa jo nyt useille yrittäjille ja kansainvälisille yrityksille kannustavan ja kilpailukykyisen toimintaympäristön. Monenlaiset muutosvoimat uudistavat maaseudun yrittäjyyttä ja sen elinvoimaisuutta. Ihmisten tarpeet ovat erilaisia ja ne muuttuvat koko ajan. Tämä luo yrittäjyydelle uusia ja erilaisia liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia. Yrittäjyyden merkitystä korostetaan viljalti erilaisissa valtakunnallisissa ja alueellisissa kehittämisohjelmissa ja strategioissa, mm. maaseutustrategioissa. Pelkkä näkeminen ei kuitenkaan riitä vaan on tunnistettava mahdollisuuksia joilla nykyisiä rakenteita ja toimintoja sekä toimintatapoja voidaan kehittää entistä kysyntälähtöisempään suuntaan. Strategiat uusiutuvat jotta ne pystyvät vastaamaan maaseutua monin voimin muovaamiin muutoksiin. Maaseutu on mielenkiintoinen oppimisen ympäristö opetuksen, tutkimuksen ja yhteiskunnallisen vaikuttavuuden näkökulmasta. Uudistuva yrittäjyys maaseudulla – opintojaksolla pohdimme neljässä opiskelijoiden muodostamassa työpajassa maaseudun yrittäjyyden ja sen kehittämisen tulevaisuutta ”strategisin silmälasein”. Työtämme vauhditti kolme hyvin erilaista ja innostavaa asiantuntijapuheenvuoroa maaseudun yritystoiminnan kasvupoluista, yrittäjämäisestä johtajuudesta ja luovuudesta sekä kiinnostavista uusista liiketoimintamahdollisuuksista. Lämmin kiitos JJK:n toimitusjohtaja Joni Vesalainen, Vaissi Oy:n toimitusjohtaja Maria Vaissi ja Jyväskylän yliopiston dosentti Katriina Soini. Tämän kirjan esseiden ja esimerkkitapausten editoinnissa olemme kiinnittäneet huomiota lähinnä kirjoitelmien kieliasuun. Suurimmalle osalle kirjoittajista tällä kurssilla kirjoitettu puheenvuoro on ensimmäinen tieteellinen kirjoitelma josta on hyvä jatkaa eteenpäin. Toivomme, että kirja herättää lukijoissa kiinnostusta maaseutua ja yrittäjyyttä kohtaan. Isotkin kuperkeikat omassa maaseutuyrittäjyyden ajattelussa ja toiminnassa ovat sallittuja

A molecular‐based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this paper, we 1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), 2) publish this library, and 3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1,000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi). Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.peerReviewe

Sleep apnoea is a risk factor for severe COVID-19

Background Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), diabetes, older age and male gender, which are all risk factors for severe COVID-19.We aimed to study if OSA is an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection or for severe COVID-19.Methods OSA diagnosis and COVID-19 infection were extracted from the hospital discharge, causes of death and infectious diseases registries in individuals who participated in the FinnGen study (n=260 405). Severe COVID-19 was defined as COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine association. Comorbidities for either COVID-19 or OSA were selected as covariates. We performed a meta-analysis with previous studies.Results We identified 445 individuals with COVID-19, and 38 (8.5%) of them with OSA of whom 19 out of 91 (20.9%) were hospitalised. OSA associated with COVID-19 hospitalisation independent from age, sex, BMI and comorbidities (p-unadjusted=5.13×10−5, OR-adjusted=2.93 (95% CI 1.02 to 8.39), p-adjusted=0.045). OSA was not associated with the risk of contracting COVID-19 (p=0.25). A meta-analysis of OSA and severe COVID-19 showed association across 15 835 COVID-19 positive controls, and n=1294 patients with OSA with severe COVID-19 (OR=2.37 (95% 1.14 to 4.95), p=0.021).Conclusion Risk for contracting COVID-19 was the same for patients with OSA and those without OSA. In contrast, among COVID-19 positive patients, OSA was associated with higher risk for hospitalisation. Our findings are in line with earlier works and suggest OSA as an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19

Genetic architecture of human plasma lipidome and its link to cardiovascular disease

Abstract Understanding genetic architecture of plasma lipidome could provide better insights into lipid metabolism and its link to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Here, we perform genome-wide association analyses of 141 lipid species (n = 2,181 individuals), followed by phenome-wide scans with 25 CVD related phenotypes (n = 511,700 individuals). We identify 35 lipid-species-associated loci (P <5 ×10−8), 10 of which associate with CVD risk including five new loci-COL5A1, GLTPD2, SPTLC3, MBOAT7 and GALNT16 (false discovery rate<0.05). We identify loci for lipid species that are shown to predict CVD e.g., SPTLC3 for CER(d18:1/24:1). We show that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) may more efficiently hydrolyze medium length triacylglycerides (TAGs) than others. Polyunsaturated lipids have highest heritability and genetic correlations, suggesting considerable genetic regulation at fatty acids levels. We find low genetic correlations between traditional lipids and lipid species. Our results show that lipidomic profiles capture information beyond traditional lipids and identify genetic variants modifying lipid levels and risk of CVD

Chromosome Xq23 is associated with lower atherogenic lipid concentrations and favorable cardiometabolic indices

Abstract Autosomal genetic analyses of blood lipids have yielded key insights for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, X chromosome genetic variation is understudied for blood lipids in large sample sizes. We now analyze genetic and blood lipid data in a high-coverage whole X chromosome sequencing study of 65,322 multi-ancestry participants and perform replication among 456,893 European participants. Common alleles on chromosome Xq23 are strongly associated with reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (min P = 8.5 × 10−72), with similar effects for males and females. Chromosome Xq23 lipid-lowering alleles are associated with reduced odds for CHD among 42,545 cases and 591,247 controls (P = 1.7 × 10−4), and reduced odds for diabetes mellitus type 2 among 54,095 cases and 573,885 controls (P = 1.4 × 10−5). Although we observe an association with increased BMI, waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI is reduced, bioimpedance analyses indicate increased gluteofemoral fat, and abdominal MRI analyses indicate reduced visceral adiposity. Co-localization analyses strongly correlate increased CHRDL1 gene expression, particularly in adipose tissue, with reduced concentrations of blood lipids

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/‘proxy’ AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/‘proxy’ AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele