Carious measurement and pulps modifications in rats undergoing habitual and cariogenic diets treated with collagenase type II

El diente puede enfermar por caries, con destrucción de tejidos duros exponiéndolo a gérmenes, provocando inflamación y dolor, siendo factor de riesgo la dieta cariogénica. Nuestros objetivos fueron visualizar los componentes del órgano pulpodentinal en ratas, comparar métodos de medición de caries y observar modificaciones en pulpas sometidas a dieta cariogénica. Se utilizaron ratas endocriadas líneas “l” y “e” al destete, divididas en dos grupos (-G1 y -G2), alimentadas con balanceado rata-ratón. El -G2 fue suplementado con sacarosa 10% en agua de consumo ad líbitum y se sacrificaron secuencialmente. Con lupa, explorador y Rodamina se detectaron caries cavitadas e incipientes. Las mandíbulas fueron separadas quirúrgicamente, fijadas en formol 10%, desmineralizadas en ácido nítrico 8%, tratadas con colagenasa tipo II, incluidas, cortadas a 5 μm, coloreadas y examinadas con microscopio óptico a 100 y 450 aumentos. El infiltrado de zona basal se clasificó como ausente al no visualizarlo, parcial y total al ocupar 75% y 100% del perímetro pulpar. Las diferencias en las frecuencias de caries fueron analizadas con la prueba de chi-cuadrado y nivel de significación 5%. El órgano pulpodentinario permaneció unido, la proporción de caries incipientes fue mayor y la basal pasó de parcial a totalmente infiltrada en línea “e” -G2, lo que podría deberse a factores medio ambientales y a la dieta cariogénica.Tooth can get ill by carious, with destruction of hard tissues exposed to germs, causing inflammation and pain, being the cariogenic diet a risk factor. To visualize the pulpodentinal components complex in rats, to compare measurement carious teeth methods and observe pulps modifications undergoing cariogenic diets. Rats inbred “l” and “e” lines were investigated, separated in G1 and G2 groups, nourished with a balanced rat-mouse diet. -G2 was supplemented with sucrose 10% in water ad libitum and then sacrificed sequentially. With magnifier, explorer and rhodamine cavitated and emerging carious were detected. Jaws were surgically separated, fixed in formalin 10%, demineralized in 8% nitric acid, treated with collagenase Type II, included, cut 5 μm, colored and examined with light microscope 100-450 magnification. The basal area infiltration was considered absent when it was not visible, partial and total when they occupied 75% and 100% of pulp perimeter. Results were analyzed with Chi-square test and significance level 5%. Pulpodentinal complex remained joined, incipient carious proportion was higher and the basal was partial or fully infiltrated in line “e” -G2, what could be due to environmental factors and cariogenic diet.Sociedad de Ciencias Morfológicas de La Plat

Carious measurement and pulps modifications in rats undergoing habitual and cariogenic diets treated with collagenase type II

El diente puede enfermar por caries, con destrucción de tejidos duros exponiéndolo a gérmenes, provocando inflamación y dolor, siendo factor de riesgo la dieta cariogénica. Nuestros objetivos fueron visualizar los componentes del órgano pulpodentinal en ratas, comparar métodos de medición de caries y observar modificaciones en pulpas sometidas a dieta cariogénica. Se utilizaron ratas endocriadas líneas “l” y “e” al destete, divididas en dos grupos (-G1 y -G2), alimentadas con balanceado rata-ratón. El -G2 fue suplementado con sacarosa 10% en agua de consumo ad líbitum y se sacrificaron secuencialmente. Con lupa, explorador y Rodamina se detectaron caries cavitadas e incipientes. Las mandíbulas fueron separadas quirúrgicamente, fijadas en formol 10%, desmineralizadas en ácido nítrico 8%, tratadas con colagenasa tipo II, incluidas, cortadas a 5 μm, coloreadas y examinadas con microscopio óptico a 100 y 450 aumentos. El infiltrado de zona basal se clasificó como ausente al no visualizarlo, parcial y total al ocupar 75% y 100% del perímetro pulpar. Las diferencias en las frecuencias de caries fueron analizadas con la prueba de chi-cuadrado y nivel de significación 5%. El órgano pulpodentinario permaneció unido, la proporción de caries incipientes fue mayor y la basal pasó de parcial a totalmente infiltrada en línea “e” -G2, lo que podría deberse a factores medio ambientales y a la dieta cariogénica.Tooth can get ill by carious, with destruction of hard tissues exposed to germs, causing inflammation and pain, being the cariogenic diet a risk factor. To visualize the pulpodentinal components complex in rats, to compare measurement carious teeth methods and observe pulps modifications undergoing cariogenic diets. Rats inbred “l” and “e” lines were investigated, separated in G1 and G2 groups, nourished with a balanced rat-mouse diet. -G2 was supplemented with sucrose 10% in water ad libitum and then sacrificed sequentially. With magnifier, explorer and rhodamine cavitated and emerging carious were detected. Jaws were surgically separated, fixed in formalin 10%, demineralized in 8% nitric acid, treated with collagenase Type II, included, cut 5 μm, colored and examined with light microscope 100-450 magnification. The basal area infiltration was considered absent when it was not visible, partial and total when they occupied 75% and 100% of pulp perimeter. Results were analyzed with Chi-square test and significance level 5%. Pulpodentinal complex remained joined, incipient carious proportion was higher and the basal was partial or fully infiltrated in line “e” -G2, what could be due to environmental factors and cariogenic diet.Sociedad de Ciencias Morfológicas de La Plat

Carious measurement and pulps modifications in rats undergoing habitual and cariogenic diets treated with collagenase type II

El diente puede enfermar por caries, con destrucción de tejidos duros exponiéndolo a gérmenes, provocando inflamación y dolor, siendo factor de riesgo la dieta cariogénica. Nuestros objetivos fueron visualizar unidos los componentes del órgano pulpodentinal en ratas, comparar métodos de medición de caries y observar modificaciones en pulpas sometidas a dieta cariogénica. Se utilizaron ratas endocriadas líneas “l” y “e” al destete, divididas en dos grupos (-G1 y -G2), alimentadas con balanceado rata-ratón. El -G2 fue suplementado con sacarosa 10% en agua de consumo ad líbitum y se sacrificaron secuencialmente. Con lupa, explorador y Rodamina se detectaron caries cavitadas e incipientes. Las mandíbulas fueron separadas quirúrgicamente, fijadas formol 10%, desmineralizadas en ácido nítrico 8%, tratadas con colagenasa tipo II, incluidas, cortadas a 5m, coloreadas y examinadas con microscopio de luz a 100 y 450 aumentos. El infiltrado de zona basal se clasificó como ausente al no visualizarlo, parcial y total al ocupar 75% y 100% del perímetro pulpar. Las diferencias en las frecuencias de caries fueron analizadas con la prueba de chi-cuadrado y nivel de significación 5%. El órgano pulpodentinario permaneció unido, la proporción de caries incipientes fue mayor y la basal pasó de parcial a totalmente infiltrada en línea “e” -G2, lo que podría deberse a factores medio ambientales y dieta cariogénica. Palabras claves: Caries, colagenasa, dieta cariogénica, pulpa dental.Tooth can get ill by carious, with destruction of hard tissues exposed to germs, causing inflammation and pain, being the cariogenic diet a risk factor. To visualize the pulpodentinal components complex in rats, to compare measurement carious teeth methods and observe pulps modifications undergoing cariogenic diets. Rats inbred 'l' and 'e' lines were investigated, separated in G1 and G2 groups, nourished with a balanced rat-mouse diet. -G2 was supplemented with sucrose 10% in water ad libitum and then sacrificed sequentially. With magnifier, explorer and rhodamine cavitated and emerging carious were detected. Jaws were surgically separated, fixed in formalin 10%, demineralized in 8% nitric acid, treated with collagenase Type II, included, cut 5µ, colored and examined with microscope light 100-450 magnification. The basal area infiltration was considered absent when it was not visible, partial and total when they occupied 75% and 100% of pulp perimeter. Results were analyzed with Chi-square test and significance level 5%. Pulpodentinal complex remained joined, incipient carious proportion was higher and the basal was partial or fully infiltrated in line 'e' -G2, what could be due to environmental factors and cariogenic diet. Keywords: carious, collagenase, cariogenic diet, dental pulp

Carious measurement and pulps modifications in rats undergoing habitual and cariogenic diets treated with collagenase type II

El diente puede enfermar por caries, con destrucción de tejidos duros exponiéndolo a gérmenes, provocando inflamación y dolor, siendo factor de riesgo la dieta cariogénica. Nuestros objetivos fueron visualizar los componentes del órgano pulpodentinal en ratas, comparar métodos de medición de caries y observar modificaciones en pulpas sometidas a dieta cariogénica. Se utilizaron ratas endocriadas líneas “l” y “e” al destete, divididas en dos grupos (-G1 y -G2), alimentadas con balanceado rata-ratón. El -G2 fue suplementado con sacarosa 10% en agua de consumo ad líbitum y se sacrificaron secuencialmente. Con lupa, explorador y Rodamina se detectaron caries cavitadas e incipientes. Las mandíbulas fueron separadas quirúrgicamente, fijadas en formol 10%, desmineralizadas en ácido nítrico 8%, tratadas con colagenasa tipo II, incluidas, cortadas a 5 μm, coloreadas y examinadas con microscopio óptico a 100 y 450 aumentos. El infiltrado de zona basal se clasificó como ausente al no visualizarlo, parcial y total al ocupar 75% y 100% del perímetro pulpar. Las diferencias en las frecuencias de caries fueron analizadas con la prueba de chi-cuadrado y nivel de significación 5%. El órgano pulpodentinario permaneció unido, la proporción de caries incipientes fue mayor y la basal pasó de parcial a totalmente infiltrada en línea “e” -G2, lo que podría deberse a factores medio ambientales y a la dieta cariogénica.Tooth can get ill by carious, with destruction of hard tissues exposed to germs, causing inflammation and pain, being the cariogenic diet a risk factor. To visualize the pulpodentinal components complex in rats, to compare measurement carious teeth methods and observe pulps modifications undergoing cariogenic diets. Rats inbred “l” and “e” lines were investigated, separated in G1 and G2 groups, nourished with a balanced rat-mouse diet. -G2 was supplemented with sucrose 10% in water ad libitum and then sacrificed sequentially. With magnifier, explorer and rhodamine cavitated and emerging carious were detected. Jaws were surgically separated, fixed in formalin 10%, demineralized in 8% nitric acid, treated with collagenase Type II, included, cut 5 μm, colored and examined with light microscope 100-450 magnification. The basal area infiltration was considered absent when it was not visible, partial and total when they occupied 75% and 100% of pulp perimeter. Results were analyzed with Chi-square test and significance level 5%. Pulpodentinal complex remained joined, incipient carious proportion was higher and the basal was partial or fully infiltrated in line “e” -G2, what could be due to environmental factors and cariogenic diet.Sociedad de Ciencias Morfológicas de La Plat

Genome Wide Binding Site Analysis Reveals Transcriptional Coactivation of Cytokinin-Responsive Genes by DELLA Proteins

[EN] The ability of plants to provide a plastic response to environmental cues relies on the connectivity between signaling pathways. DELLA proteins act as hubs that relay environmental information to the multiple transcriptional circuits that control growth and development through physical interaction with transcription factors from different families. We have analyzed the presence of one DELLA protein at the Arabidopsis genome by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to large-scale sequencing and we find that it binds at the promoters of multiple genes. Enrichment analysis shows a strong preference for cis elements recognized by specific transcription factor families. In particular, we demonstrate that DELLA proteins are recruited by type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS (ARR) to the promoters of cytokinin-regulated genes, where they act as transcriptional co-activators. The biological relevance of this mechanism is underpinned by the necessity of simultaneous presence of DELLAs and ARRs to restrict root meristem growth and to promote photomorphogenesis.This work was funded by grants BIO2007-60923 and BIO2010-15071 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (MAB); grant ERC-2011-StG_20101109 from the European Research Council (JUL); grants BB/J/00426X/1 and BB/E022618/1 from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (SGT); the Professorial Research Fellowship award BB/G023972/1 from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (KH and MJB); and grant FP7-311929 from the European Union (RPB). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Marín-De La Rosa, NA.; Pfeiffer, A.; Hill, K.; Locascio ., AAM.; Bhalerao, R.; Miskolczi, P.; Grønlund, A.... (2015). Genome Wide Binding Site Analysis Reveals Transcriptional Coactivation of Cytokinin-Responsive Genes by DELLA Proteins. PLoS Genetics. 11(7):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.100533712011

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

European Multicenter Evaluation of Commercial Enzyme Immunoassays for Detecting Norovirus Antigen in Fecal Samples▿

A total of 2,254 fecal samples were tested in a European multicenter evaluation of commercially available norovirus antigen detection assays. Two commercial enzyme immunoassays, IDEIA Norovirus (Oxoid; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ely, United Kingdom) and RIDASCREEN Norovirus (R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany), were included in the evaluation, and their performance was compared with the results of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Included in the evaluation were samples collected in sporadic cases of gastroenteritis, samples from outbreaks in which two or more samples were collected, well-characterized samples representing genotypes currently cocirculating within Europe, and samples collected from patients with gastroenteritis caused by a pathogen other than norovirus. The sensitivities and specificities of the IDEIA Norovirus and RIDASCREEN Norovirus assays were 58.93 and 43.81% and 93.91 and 96.37%, respectively, compared with RT-PCR. The sensitivities of both assays for outbreak investigations improved when six or more samples from an outbreak were examined. The IDEIA Norovirus assay exhibited reactivity to a broader range of norovirus genotypes than the RIDASCREEN Norovirus assay, which showed genotype-dependent sensitivities. The results indicate that, if used, these assays should serve as screening assays and the results should be confirmed by RT-PCR

Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant

BACKGROUND: Highly publicised outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in hospitals in the UK and Ireland and cruise ships in the USA sparked speculation about whether this reported activity was unusual. METHODS: We analysed data collected through a collaborative research and surveillance network of viral gastroenteritis in ten European countries (England and Wales were analysed as one region). We compiled data on total number of outbreaks by month, and compared genetic sequences from the isolated viruses. Data were compared with historic data from a systematic retrospective review of surveillance systems and with a central database of viral sequences. FINDINGS: Three regions (England and Wales, Germany, and the Netherlands) had sustained epidemiological and viral characterisation data from 1995 to 2002. In all three, we noted a striking increase in norovirus outbreaks in 2002 that coincided with the detection and emergence of a new predominant norovirus variant of genogroup II4, which had a consistent mutation in the polymerase gene. Eight of nine regions had an annual peak in 2002 and the new genogroup II4 variant was detected in nine countries. Also, the detection of the new variant preceded an atypical spring and summer peak of outbreaks in three countries. INTERPRETATION: Our data from ten European countries show a striking increase and unusual seasonal pattern of norovirus gastroenteritis in 2002 that occurred concurrently with the emergence of a novel genetic variant. In addition to showing the added value of an international network for viral gastroenteritis outbreaks, these observations raise questions about the biological properties of the variant and the mechanisms for its rapid dissemination