Application of automobile emission control technology to light piston aircraft engines

The possibility was evaluated for achieving the EPA Standards for HC and CO emissions through the use of air-fuel ratio enleanment at selected power modes combined with improved air-fuel mixture preparation, and in some cases improved cooling. Air injection was also an effective approach for the reduction of HC and CO, particularly when combined with exhaust heat conservation techniques such as exhaust port liners

Minnesota agricultural indexes of prices, quantities, and cash incomes 1910-1927

This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations

Crown Ether-Metal ‘Sandwiches’ As Linking Mechanisms in Assembled Nanoparticle Films

Crown ether ligands attached to monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) were assembled as films and the linking mechanism between the crown ether–metal ion–crown ether bridges between nanoparticles was examined. Thicker films exhibited a red shift in the absorbance maximum for the surface plasmon band which was attributed to the increasing aggregation and cross linking within the film. Quantized double layer charging peaks suggest that film growth is selective toward a specific core size or exchange rate, either of which affect the number of potential linking ligands in the periphery of the MPCs. Multi-layer growth of films was only achieved with metal ions capable of coordinating within the cavity of the 15-crown-5 ether. Our exchange reaction parameters are in stark contrast to other types of MPC film assemblies

Probabilistic approaches for modeling text structure and their application to text-to-text generation

Since the early days of generation research, it has been acknowledged that modeling the global structure of a document is crucial for producing coherent, readable output. However, traditional knowledge-intensive approaches have been of limited utility in addressing this problem since they cannot be effectively scaled to operate in domain-independent, large-scale applications. Due to this difficulty, existing text-to-text generation systems rarely rely on such structural information when producing an output text. Consequently, texts generated by these methods do not match the quality of those written by humans – they are often fraught with severe coherence violations and disfluencies. In this chapter, I will present probabilistic models of document structure that can be effectively learned from raw document collections. This feature distinguishes these new models from traditional knowledge intensive approaches used in symbolic concept-to-text generation. Our results demonstrate that these probabilistic models can be directly applied to content organization, and suggest that these models can prove useful in an even broader range of text-to-text applications than we have considered here.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CAREER grant IIS- 0448168)Microsoft Research. New Faculty Fellowshi

Hemobilia and pancreatitis as complications of a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was performed on a 23-year-old male because of an atypical progression of hepatitis B antigen-negative hepatitis. No bile duct was entered and the procedure was uneventful. However, celiac angiography the day following PTC revealed abnormal liver vessels in the target area and the patient developed hemobilia and clinical pancreatitis, causing common duct obstruction. Symptomatology persisted until celiotomy 32 days after PTC. Clots were found obstructing the common bile duct.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44383/1/10620_2005_Article_BF01071178.pd

Where, When and Why Brain Activation Differs for Bilinguals and Monolinguals during Picture Naming and Reading Aloud

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that when bilinguals named pictures or read words aloud, in their native or nonnative language, activation was higher relative to monolinguals in 5 left hemisphere regions: dorsal precentral gyrus, pars triangularis, pars opercularis, superior temporal gyrus, and planum temporale. We further demonstrate that these areas are sensitive to increasing demands on speech production in monolinguals. This suggests that the advantage of being bilingual comes at the expense of increased work in brain areas that support monolingual word processing. By comparing the effect of bilingualism across a range of tasks, we argue that activation is higher in bilinguals compared with monolinguals because word retrieval is more demanding; articulation of each word is less rehearsed; and speech output needs careful monitoring to avoid errors when competition for word selection occurs between, as well as within, language

Risk and Cooperation: Managing Hazardous Fuel in Mixed Ownership Landscapes

Managing natural processes at the landscape scale to promote forest health is important, especially in the case of wildfire, where the ability of a landowner to protect his or her individual parcel is constrained by conditions on neighboring ownerships. However, management at a landscape scale is also challenging because it requires cooperation on plans and actions that cross ownership boundaries. Cooperation depends on people’s beliefs and norms about reciprocity and perceptions of the risks and benefits of interacting with others. Using logistic regression tests on mail survey data and qualitative analysis of interviews with landowners, we examined the relationship between perceived wildfire risk and cooperation in the management of hazardous fuel by nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners in fire-prone landscapes of eastern Oregon. We found that NIPF owners who perceived a risk of wildfire to their properties, and perceived that conditions on nearby public forestlands contributed to this risk, were more likely to have cooperated with public agencies in the past to reduce fire risk than owners who did not perceive a risk of wildfire to their properties. Wildfire risk perception was not associated with past cooperation among NIPF owners. The greater social barriers to private–private cooperation than to private–public cooperation, and perceptions of more hazardous conditions on public compared with private forestlands may explain this difference. Owners expressed a strong willingness to cooperate with others in future cross-boundary efforts to reduce fire risk, however. We explore barriers to cooperative forest management across ownerships, and identify models of cooperation that hold potential for future collective action to reduce wildfire risk

A Sex-Specific Metabolite Identified in a Marine Invertebrate Utilizing Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Hormone level differences are generally accepted as the primary cause for sexual dimorphism in animal and human development. Levels of low molecular weight metabolites also differ between men and women in circulating amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates and within brain tissue. While investigating the metabolism of blue crab tissues using Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, we discovered that only the male blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) contained a phosphorus compound with a chemical shift well separated from the expected phosphate compounds. Spectra obtained from male gills were readily differentiated from female gill spectra. Analysis from six years of data from male and female crabs documented that the sex-specificity of this metabolite was normal for this species. Microscopic analysis of male and female gills found no differences in their gill anatomy or the presence of parasites or bacteria that might produce this phosphorus compound. Analysis of a rare gynandromorph blue crab (laterally, half male and half female) proved that this sex-specificity was an intrinsic biochemical process and was not caused by any variations in the diet or habitat of male versus female crabs. The existence of a sex-specific metabolite is a previously unrecognized, but potentially significant biochemical phenomenon. An entire enzyme system has been synthesized and activated only in one sex. Unless blue crabs are a unique species, sex-specific metabolites are likely to be present in other animals. Would the presence or absence of a sex-specific metabolite affect an animal's development, anatomy and biochemistry