15 research outputs found

    BDNF: mRNA expression in urine cells of patients with chronic kidney disease and its role in kidney function

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    Podocyte loss and changes to the complex morphology are major causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the incidence is continuously increasing over the last decades without sufficient treatment, it is important to find predicting biomarkers. Therefore, we measured urinary mRNA levels of podocyte genes NPHS1, NPHS2, PODXL and BDNF, KIM-1, CTSL by qRT-PCR of 120 CKD patients. We showed a strong correlation between BDNF and the kidney injury marker KIM-1, which were also correlated with NPHS1, suggesting podocytes as a contributing source. In human biopsies, BDNF was localized in the cell body and major processes of podocytes. In glomeruli of diabetic nephropathy patients, we found a strong BDNF signal in the remaining podocytes. An inhibition of the BDNF receptor TrkB resulted in enhanced podocyte dedifferentiation. The knockdown of the orthologue resulted in pericardial oedema formation and lowered viability of zebrafish larvae. We found an enlarged Bowman's space, dilated glomerular capillaries, podocyte loss and an impaired glomerular filtration. We demonstrated that BDNF is essential for glomerular development, morphology and function and the expression of BDNF and KIM-1 is highly correlated in urine cells of CKD patients. Therefore, BDNF mRNA in urine cells could serve as a potential CKD biomarker

    31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

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    Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

    In situ Assay zur Untersuchung pharmazeutischer Substanzen auf die Podozytendifferenzierung

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    Etwa jeder zehnte Deutsche leidet an einer chronischen Nierenerkrankung (CKD), deren Entstehung zu etwa zwei Drittel auf eine SchĂ€digung der Podozyten zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt werden kann. Die Funktion der Podozyten fĂŒr die Aufrechterhaltung der selektiven glomerulĂ€ren Filtration ist eng an ihre einzigartigen Morphologie interdigitierender FußfortsĂ€tze gebunden. Deren ZwischenrĂ€ume werden von einer Schlitzmembran ĂŒberbrĂŒckt, die aus spezifischen Proteinen wie Nephrin besteht. Im Falle einer CKD kommt es jedoch zu einer Dedifferenzierung der Podozyten, welche einen Verlust ihrer komplexen dreidimensionalen Struktur und damit eine Proteinurie nach sich zieht. Da dieser Prozess durch die derzeit zur VerfĂŒgung stehenden Pharmaka wie Glukokortikoide oder Calcineurin Inhibitoren nur unzureichend therapiert werden kann, ist eine Dialysepflichtigkeit und/oder Nierentransplantation fĂŒr die meisten Patienten unausweichlich. Deswegen wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit der GlomAssay entwickelt und fĂŒr das Screening podozytenspezifischer Wirkstoffe genutzt. Dazu wurden die Glomeruli eines transgenen Nephrin::CFP Mausstammes isoliert, welcher unter der Kontrolle des Nephrin Promoters den Fluoreszenzreporter CFP exprimiert. Anschließend wurden die Glomeruli kultiviert und der durch die zeitabhĂ€ngige Dedifferenzierung der Podozyten bedingte Nephrin Abfall anhand der CFP FluoreszenzintensitĂ€t in situ quantifiziert. Beim Vergleich verschiedener Isolationsmethoden erwies sich die Glomeruli Isolation mit magnetischen Dynabeads als geeignetstes Verfahren. Die Unversehrtheit der Podozyten wurde mittels Laser Scanning , Raster und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie sowie durch ImmunfluoreszenzfĂ€rbungen der Podozytenmarker Nephrin, Podocin und WT-1 verifiziert. Die spontane Dedifferenzierung der Podozyten in Zellkultur fĂŒhrte zu einem graduellen Abfall der CFP Fluoreszenz ĂŒber 9 Tage. Dass die sinkende CFP FluoreszenzintensitĂ€t dabei unmittelbare RĂŒckschlĂŒsse auf eine verringerte Nephrin Expression zulĂ€sst, wurde mittels RT PCR, Western Blot , Transkriptom und Proteomanalyse belegt. Ein Effacement der Podozyten-FußfortsĂ€tze und ein Verlust der Schlitzmembranen wurde anhand transmissions- und rasterelektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahmen nachgewiesen. Um die Mechanismen der Podozytendedifferenzierung genauer zu verstehen, wurde das glomerulĂ€re Transkriptom und Proteom nach 3 , 6 und 9 tĂ€giger Kultivierung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass außer den Schlitzmembranproteinen auch bspw. die Komponenten des Zytoskeletts, der Zell Matrix Kontakte oder der glomerulĂ€ren Basalmembran von Bedeutung sind fĂŒr die Podozytendedifferenzierung. Die Validierung des GlomAssays erfolgte mit Hilfe verschiedener podozytenprotektiver und schĂ€digender Substanzen. Die Podozyten Noxen Daunorubicin und Vinblastin bedingten dabei erwartungsgemĂ€ĂŸ einen Abfall der CFP FluoreszenzintensitĂ€t mit einer IC50 Konzentration von 1,55 ”M bzw. 87,82 nM. Von den untersuchten podozytenprotektiven Pharmaka Dexamethason, all trans RetinsĂ€ure, Pioglitazon und 1α,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 fĂŒhrte nur die Behandlung mit Letzterem zu einer Reduktion der Podozytendedifferenzierung. Die damit einhergehende, erhöhte Nephrin und CFP Expression wurde mittels RT PCR und Western Blot Analyse nachgewiesen. Anschließend wurde der GlomAssay fĂŒr das Screening neuer Substanzen verwendet. Dabei wurde zum einen das Glykoprotein HĂ€mopexin untersucht, welches mit der Entstehung der Minimal Change-Glomerulonephritis in Zusammenhang gebracht wird. Es zeigte jedoch keinen Effekt auf die Podozytendedifferenzierung. Zum anderen wurde der Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) getestet, welcher als prognostischer Marker im Urin von CKD Patienten dient und fĂŒr die Entwicklung und IntegritĂ€t der glomerulĂ€ren Filtrationsbarriere essentiell ist. Jedoch beeinflusste weder die Inkubation der Glomeruli mit BDNF noch mit dem BDNF bindenden TrkB-Fc Fusionsproteins die Differenzierung der Podozyten. Die Blockade des Tropomyosin Rezeptor Kinase B (TrkB) Rezeptors, welcher durch Interaktion mit BDNF aktiviert wird, durch den nichtkompetitiven Inhibitor ANA 12 bewirkte hingegen einen vorzeitigen Abfall der CFP Fluoreszenz mit einer IC50 Konzentration von 19,74 ”M. Mit dem allosterischen TrkB Inhibitor Cyclotraxin B ließen sich diese Ergebnisse allerdings nicht bestĂ€tigen. Nichtsdestotrotz belegen die mit ANA 12 erzielten Resultate die Relevanz des BDNF fĂŒr Podozytendifferenzierung. Insgesamt gelang es mit dem GlomAssay ein neue in vitro Methode zu etablieren, um den Effekt pharmakologischer Substanzen auf die Podozytendifferenzierung schnell, nicht destruktiv und wiederholbar zu untersuchen. Dadurch bietet sich die Möglichkeit, das Screening podozytenprotektiver Wirkstoffe bereits in der prĂ€klinischen Phase stĂ€rker zu forcieren und so zukĂŒnftig die Entwicklung neuer Therapieoptionen zur Behandlung von CKDs voranzutreiben.Approximately every tenth german suffers from chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is caused in two-thirds of all cases by podocyte damage. The selective glomerular filtration is closely connected to the unique podocyte morphology. The space between interdigitating podocyte foot processes is bridged by the slit diaphragm which consists of specific proteins like nephrin. In case of CKD though podocytes dedifferentiate resulting in a loss of the 3-dimensional structure and development of proteinuria. Since CKD is only insufficiently treatable by drugs patients need dialysis or kidney transplantation in the long run. The GlomAssay was developed for the screening of podocyte-specific drugs. Therefore, glomeruli of transgene nephrin::CFP mice, which express the fluorescence reporter CFP under control of the nephrin promoter, were isolated and cultured. The time-dependent podocyte dedifferentiation and the consequent nephrin-decrease was followed by in situ CFP-fluorescence quantification. After isolation with magnetic dynabeads, podocyte integrity was verified by laser-scanning, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy as well as by immunofluorescence staining of the podocyte specific differentiation markers nephrin, podocin and WT-1. The decreasing nephrin- and CFP-expression due to spontaneous podocyte-dedifferentiation in cell culture was followed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Analysis of the podocyte transcriptome and proteome after 3 d, 6 d and 9 d in culture revealed the importance of the slit diaphragm, the cytoskeleton, the components of the cell-matrix-contacts and the glomerular basement membrane for podocyte differentiation. The GlomAssay was validated with the podocyte damaging agents daunorubicin and vinblastin as well as with the protective drugs dexamethasone, pioglitazone, all-trans retinoic acid and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Moreover, for substance screening the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was investigated, which is used as an urinary prognostic marker in CKD. Although BDNF itself had no effect on CFP-fluorescence intensity, inhibition of the BDNF activated tropomyosin receptor kinase B-receptor by ANA-12 accelerated CFP loss indicating the importance of BDNF signaling for podocyte differentiation

    The transcription factor Dach1 is essential for podocyte function

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    Dedifferentiation and loss of podocytes are the major cause of chronic kidney disease. Dach1, a transcription factor that is essential for cell fate, was found in genome-wide association studies to be associated with the glomerular filtration rate. We found that podocytes express high levels of Dach1 in\ua0vivo and to a much lower extent in\ua0vitro. Parietal epithelial cells (PECs) that are still under debate to be a type of progenitor cell for podocytes expressed Dach1 only at low levels. The transfection of PECs with a plasmid encoding for Dach1 induced the expression of synaptopodin, a podocyte-specific protein, demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Furthermore, synaptopodin was located along actin fibres in a punctate pattern in Dach1-expressing PECs comparable with differentiated podocytes. Moreover, dedifferentiating podocytes of isolated glomeruli showed a significant reduction in the expression of Dach1 together with synaptopodin after 9\ua0days in cell culture. To study the role of Dach1 in\ua0vivo, we used the zebrafish larva as an animal model. Knockdown of the zebrafish ortholog Dachd by morpholino injection into fertilized eggs resulted in a severe renal phenotype. The glomeruli of the zebrafish larvae showed morphological changes of the glomerulus accompanied by down-regulation of nephrin and leakage of the filtration barrier. Interestingly, glomeruli of biopsies from patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy showed also a significant reduction of Dach1 and synaptopodin in contrast to control biopsies. Taken together, Dach1 is a transcription factor that is important for podocyte differentiation and proper kidney function
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