433 research outputs found
Evaluation in artificial intelligence: From task-oriented to ability-oriented measurement
The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10462-016-9505-7.The evaluation of artificial intelligence systems and components is crucial for the
progress of the discipline. In this paper we describe and critically assess the different ways
AI systems are evaluated, and the role of components and techniques in these systems. We
first focus on the traditional task-oriented evaluation approach. We identify three kinds of
evaluation: human discrimination, problem benchmarks and peer confrontation. We describe
some of the limitations of the many evaluation schemes and competitions in these three categories,
and follow the progression of some of these tests. We then focus on a less customary
(and challenging) ability-oriented evaluation approach, where a system is characterised by
its (cognitive) abilities, rather than by the tasks it is designed to solve. We discuss several
possibilities: the adaptation of cognitive tests used for humans and animals, the development
of tests derived from algorithmic information theory or more integrated approaches under
the perspective of universal psychometrics. We analyse some evaluation tests from AI that
are better positioned for an ability-oriented evaluation and discuss how their problems and
limitations can possibly be addressed with some of the tools and ideas that appear within
the paper. Finally, we enumerate a series of lessons learnt and generic guidelines to be used
when an AI evaluation scheme is under consideration.I thank the organisers of the AEPIA Summer School On Artificial Intelligence, held in September 2014, for giving me the opportunity to give a lecture on 'AI Evaluation'. This paper was born out of and evolved through that lecture. The information about many benchmarks and competitions discussed in this paper have been contrasted with information from and discussions with many people: M. Bedia, A. Cangelosi, C. Dimitrakakis, I. GarcIa-Varea, Katja Hofmann, W. Langdon, E. Messina, S. Mueller, M. Siebers and C. Soares. Figure 4 is courtesy of F. Martinez-Plumed. Finally, I thank the anonymous reviewers, whose comments have helped to significantly improve the balance and coverage of the paper. This work has been partially supported by the EU (FEDER) and the Spanish MINECO under Grants TIN 2013-45732-C4-1-P, TIN 2015-69175-C4-1-R and by Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEOII2015/013.José Hernández-Orallo (2016). 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A study of CP violation in the decays B±→[K+K-π+π-]Dh± (h= K, π) and B±→[π+π-π+π-]Dh±
The first study of CP violation in the decay mode B±→[K+K-π+π-]Dh± , with h= K, π , is presented, exploiting a data sample of proton–proton collisions collected by the LHCb experiment that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 9 \,fb - 1 . The analysis is performed in bins of phase space, which are optimised for sensitivity to local CP asymmetries. CP -violating observables that are sensitive to the angle γ of the Unitarity Triangle are determined. The analysis requires external information on charm-decay parameters, which are currently taken from an amplitude analysis of LHCb data, but can be updated in the future when direct measurements become available. Measurements are also performed of phase-space integrated observables for B±→[K+K-π+π-]Dh± and B±→[π+π-π+π-]Dh± decays
Amplitude analysis of the Λb0→pK−γ decay
The resonant structure of the radiative decay Λb0→pK−γ in the region of proton-kaon invariant-mass up to 2.5 GeV/c2 is studied using proton-proton collision data recorded at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV collected with the LHCb detector, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1. Results are given in terms of fit and interference fractions between the different components contributing to this final state. Only Λ resonances decaying to pK− are found to be relevant, where the largest contributions stem from the Λ(1520), Λ(1600), Λ(1800), and Λ(1890) states
Search for violation in the phase space of decays with the energy test
A search for violation in and decays is reported.
The search is performed using an unbinned model-independent method known as the
energy test that probes local violation in the phase space of the
decays. The data analysed correspond to an integrated luminosity of
fb collected in proton-proton collisions by the LHCb experiment at
a centre-of-mass energy of ~TeV, amounting to approximately 950000
and 620000 signal candidates for the and modes, respectively. The
method is validated using
and decays, where
-violating effects are expected to be negligible, and using
background-enhanced regions of the signal decays. The results are consistent
with symmetry in both the and the decays, with
-values for the hypothesis of no violation of 70% and 66%,
respectively.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2023-019.html (LHCb
public pages
Observation of the decays
This paper reports the observation of the decays using proton-proton collision data collected by the
LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
. The branching fractions of these decays are measured
relative to the normalisation channel .
The meson is reconstructed in the
decay channel and the products of branching
fractions are measured to be The first uncertainty is
statistical, the second systematic, and the third arises from the uncertainty
of the branching fraction of the
normalisation channel. The last uncertainty in the result is due to
the limited knowledge of the fragmentation fraction ratio, . The
significance for the and signals is larger than
. The ratio of the helicity amplitudes which governs the angular
distribution of the decay
is determined from the data. The ratio of the - and -wave amplitudes is
found to be and its phase rad,
where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any
supplementary material and additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2023-014.html (LHCb
public pages
Test of lepton universality in decays
The first simultaneous test of muon-electron universality using
and decays is performed, in two ranges of the dilepton
invariant-mass squared, . The analysis uses beauty mesons produced in
proton-proton collisions collected with the LHCb detector between 2011 and
2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 . Each
of the four lepton universality measurements reported is either the first in
the given interval or supersedes previous LHCb measurements. The
results are compatible with the predictions of the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-046.html (LHCb
public pages
Studies of and production in and Pb collisions
The production of and mesons is studied in proton-proton and
proton-lead collisions collected with the LHCb detector. Proton-proton
collisions are studied at center-of-mass energies of and ,
and proton-lead collisions are studied at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon
of . The studies are performed in center-of-mass rapidity
regions (forward rapidity) and
(backward rapidity) defined relative to the proton beam direction. The
and production cross sections are measured differentially as a function
of transverse momentum for and , respectively. The differential cross sections are used to
calculate nuclear modification factors. The nuclear modification factors for
and mesons agree at both forward and backward rapidity, showing
no significant evidence of mass dependence. The differential cross sections of
mesons are also used to calculate cross section ratios,
which show evidence of a deviation from the world average. These studies offer
new constraints on mass-dependent nuclear effects in heavy-ion collisions, as
well as and meson fragmentation.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any
supplementary material and additional information, are available at
https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2023-030.html (LHCb
public pages
Measurement of lepton universality parameters in and decays
A simultaneous analysis of the and decays is performed to test muon-electron universality in
two ranges of the square of the dilepton invariant mass, . The measurement
uses a sample of beauty meson decays produced in proton-proton collisions
collected with the LHCb detector between 2011 and 2018, corresponding to an
integrated luminosity of . A sequence of multivariate
selections and strict particle identification requirements produce a higher
signal purity and a better statistical sensitivity per unit luminosity than
previous LHCb lepton universality tests using the same decay modes. Residual
backgrounds due to misidentified hadronic decays are studied using data and
included in the fit model. Each of the four lepton universality measurements
reported is either the first in the given interval or supersedes previous
LHCb measurements. The results are compatible with the predictions of the
Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-045.html (LHCb
public pages
Enhanced production of baryons in high-multiplicity collisions at TeV
The production rate of baryons relative to mesons
in collisions at a center-of-mass energy TeV is measured
by the LHCb experiment. The ratio of to production
cross-sections shows a significant dependence on both the transverse momentum
and the measured charged-particle multiplicity. At low multiplicity, the ratio
measured at LHCb is consistent with the value measured in
collisions, and increases by a factor of with increasing multiplicity.
At relatively low transverse momentum, the ratio of to
cross-sections is higher than what is measured in
collisions, but converges with the ratio as the momentum
increases. These results imply that the evolution of heavy quarks into
final-state hadrons is influenced by the density of the hadronic environment
produced in the collision. Comparisons with a statistical hadronization model
and implications for the mechanisms enforcing quark confinement are discussed.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any
supplementary material and additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2023-027.html (LHCb
public pages
First observation of a doubly charged tetraquark and its neutral partner
A combined amplitude analysis is performed for the decays and , which are
related by isospin symmetry. The analysis is based on data collected by the
LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8
and 13. The full data sample corresponds to an integrated
luminosity of 9. Two new resonant states with masses of
and widths of
are observed, which decay to and
respectively. The former state indicates the first observation of
a doubly charged open-charm tetraquark state with minimal quark content
, and the latter state is a neutral tetraquark composed of
quarks. Both states are found to have spin-parity ,
and their resonant parameters are consistent with each other, which suggests
that they belong to an isospin triplet.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-026.html (LHCb
public pages
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