Cambios en el enfoque de las evaluaciones escritas en la Escuela de Lenguas

Este trabajo pretende sustentar los cambios efectuados en 2016 en el desarrollo de evaluaciones escritas en la Escuela de Lenguas desde una apoyatura teórica primeramente y posteriormente mostrando ejemplos concretos de este cambio. De esta manera, mostramos como se reemplazaron ejercicios más mecánicos que apuntaban a evaluar sólo un ítem gramatical a la incorporación de tareas comunicativas que amplían el espectro de posibilidades incorporando distintas variantes de la lengua en uso que se pretende evaluar. Asimismo, no podemos dejar de lado el hecho que la evaluación escrita es un reflejo coherente de las prácticas áulicas y necesita ser coherente con las mismas.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Cambios en el enfoque de las evaluaciones escritas en la Escuela de Lenguas

Este trabajo pretende sustentar los cambios efectuados en 2016 en el desarrollo de evaluaciones escritas en la Escuela de Lenguas desde una apoyatura teórica primeramente y posteriormente mostrando ejemplos concretos de este cambio. De esta manera, mostramos como se reemplazaron ejercicios más mecánicos que apuntaban a evaluar sólo un ítem gramatical a la incorporación de tareas comunicativas que amplían el espectro de posibilidades incorporando distintas variantes de la lengua en uso que se pretende evaluar. Asimismo, no podemos dejar de lado el hecho que la evaluación escrita es un reflejo coherente de las prácticas áulicas y necesita ser coherente con las mismas.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Cytotoxic and Antifungal Activities of 5-Hydroxyramulosin, a Compound Produced by an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Cinnamomum mollisimum

An endophytic fungus isolated from the plant Cinnamomum mollissimum was investigated for the bioactivity of its metabolites. The fungus, similar to a Phoma sp., was cultured in potato dextrose broth for two weeks, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The crude extract obtained was fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Both crude extract and fractions were assayed for cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemic cells and inhibition of bacterial and fungal pathogens. The bioactive extract fraction was purified further and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectral and X-ray crystallography analysis. A polyketide compound, 5-hydroxyramulosin, was identified as the constituent of the bioactive fungal extract fraction. This compound inhibited the fungal pathogen Aspergillus niger (IC50 1.56 μg/mL) and was cytotoxic against murine leukemia cells (IC50 2.10 μg/mL). 5-Hydroxyramulosin was the major compound produced by the endophytic fungus. This research suggests that fungal endophytes are a good source of bioactive metabolites which have potential applications in medicine

Culture-free genome-wide locus sequence typing (GLST) provides new perspectives on Trypanosoma cruzi dispersal and infection complexity

El análisis del polimorfismo genético es una poderosa herramienta para la vigilancia epidemiológica y investigar. Sin embargo, la inferencia poderosa de la variación genética del patógeno es a menudo restringido por el acceso limitado al ADN objetivo representativo, especialmente en el estudio de especies parásitas obligadas para las cuales el cultivo ex vivo requiere muchos recursos o es propenso a sesgos. Los métodos modernos de captura de secuencias permiten analizar directamente la variación genética de los patógenos del material del huésped/vector, pero a menudo son demasiado complejos y costosos para entornos de escasos recursos donde prevalecen las enfermedades infecciosas. Este estudio propone un método sencillo y rentable Herramienta de tipificación de secuencias de locus de todo el genoma (GLST) basada en la amplificación paralela masiva de puntos críticos de información en todo el genoma del patógeno objetivo. el multiplexado La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa amplifica cientos de objetivos genéticos diferentes definidos por el usuario en un único tubo de reacción y la posterior limpieza basada en gel de agarosa y código de barras completan la preparación de la biblioteca por menos de 4 USD por muestra. Nuestro estudio genera un modelo flexible Flujo de trabajo de diseño de panel de imprimación GLST para Trypanosoma cruzi, el agente parásito de Chagas enfermedad. Aplicamos con éxito nuestro panel GLST de 203 objetivos a extractos nómicos metagénicos directos y sin cultivo de vectores triatominos que contienen un mínimo de 3,69 pg/μl de ADN de T. cruzi y elaborar más sobre el rendimiento del método mediante la secuenciación de bibliotecas GLST de T. cruzi clones de referencia que representan unidades de tipificación discretas (DTU) TcI, TcIII, TcIV, TcV y TcVI. Los 780 sitios SNP que identificamos en el conjunto de muestras distinguen parásitos de forma repetitiva infectar vectores simpátricos y detectar correlaciones entre distancias genéticas y geográficas a escala regional (< 150 km), así como continental. Los marcadores también separan claramente TcI, TcIII, TcIV y TcV + TcVI y parecen distinguir infecciones multiclonales dentro de TcI. Discutimos las ventajas, limitaciones y perspectivas de nuestro método a través de un espectro de la investigación epidemiológica.Analysis of genetic polymorphism is a powerful tool for epidemiological surveillance and research. Powerful inference from pathogen genetic variation, however, is often restrained by limited access to representative target DNA, especially in the study of obli gate parasitic species for which ex vivo culture is resource-intensive or bias-prone. Mod ern sequence capture methods enable pathogen genetic variation to be analyzed directly from host/vector material but are often too complex and expensive for resource-poor set tings where infectious diseases prevail. This study proposes a simple, cost-effective ‘genome-wide locus sequence typing’ (GLST) tool based on massive parallel amplifica tion of information hotspots throughout the target pathogen genome. The multiplexed polymerase chain reaction amplifies hundreds of different, user-defined genetic targets in a single reaction tube, and subsequent agarose gel-based clean-up and barcoding com pletes library preparation at under 4 USD per sample. Our study generates a flexible GLST primer panel design workflow for Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic agent of Chagas disease. We successfully apply our 203-target GLST panel to direct, culture-free metage nomic extracts from triatomine vectors containing a minimum of 3.69 pg/μl T. cruzi DNA and further elaborate on method performance by sequencing GLST libraries from T. cruzi reference clones representing discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI, TcIII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI. The 780 SNP sites we identify in the sample set repeatably distinguish parasites infecting sympatric vectors and detect correlations between genetic and geographic dis tances at regional (< 150 km) as well as continental scales. The markers also clearly sep arate TcI, TcIII, TcIV and TcV + TcVI and appear to distinguish multiclonal infections within TcI. We discuss the advantages, limitations and prospects of our method across a spectrum of epidemiological research

Culture-free genome-wide locus sequence typing (GLST) provides new perspectives on Trypanosoma cruzi dispersal and infection complexity.

Analysis of genetic polymorphism is a powerful tool for epidemiological surveillance and research. Powerful inference from pathogen genetic variation, however, is often restrained by limited access to representative target DNA, especially in the study of obligate parasitic species for which ex vivo culture is resource-intensive or bias-prone. Modern sequence capture methods enable pathogen genetic variation to be analyzed directly from host/vector material but are often too complex and expensive for resource-poor settings where infectious diseases prevail. This study proposes a simple, cost-effective 'genome-wide locus sequence typing' (GLST) tool based on massive parallel amplification of information hotspots throughout the target pathogen genome. The multiplexed polymerase chain reaction amplifies hundreds of different, user-defined genetic targets in a single reaction tube, and subsequent agarose gel-based clean-up and barcoding completes library preparation at under 4 USD per sample. Our study generates a flexible GLST primer panel design workflow for Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic agent of Chagas disease. We successfully apply our 203-target GLST panel to direct, culture-free metagenomic extracts from triatomine vectors containing a minimum of 3.69 pg/μl T. cruzi DNA and further elaborate on method performance by sequencing GLST libraries from T. cruzi reference clones representing discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI, TcIII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI. The 780 SNP sites we identify in the sample set repeatably distinguish parasites infecting sympatric vectors and detect correlations between genetic and geographic distances at regional (< 150 km) as well as continental scales. The markers also clearly separate TcI, TcIII, TcIV and TcV + TcVI and appear to distinguish multiclonal infections within TcI. We discuss the advantages, limitations and prospects of our method across a spectrum of epidemiological research

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Cambios en el enfoque de las evaluaciones escritas en la Escuela de Lenguas

Este trabajo pretende sustentar los cambios efectuados en 2016 en el desarrollo de evaluaciones escritas en la Escuela de Lenguas desde una apoyatura teórica primeramente y posteriormente mostrando ejemplos concretos de este cambio. De esta manera, mostramos como se reemplazaron ejercicios más mecánicos que apuntaban a evaluar sólo un ítem gramatical a la incorporación de tareas comunicativas que amplían el espectro de posibilidades incorporando distintas variantes de la lengua en uso que se pretende evaluar. Asimismo, no podemos dejar de lado el hecho que la evaluación escrita es un reflejo coherente de las prácticas áulicas y necesita ser coherente con las mismas.Fil: Massano, Constanza. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina

Infografía: Las redes sociales en los procesos de enseñanza, aprendizaje o evaluación

Investigaci&oacute;n sobre las caracter&iacute;sticas, similitudes, diferencias, ventajas y desventajas de 8 redes sociales y sus posibles aplicacionen en el medio educativo.</p