Spinoza y el Spinozismo en la Ilustración Occidental: los últimos giros de la controversia

This article seeks to outline the main elements in the historiographical controversy over the significance of ‘Spinozism’ as an eighteenth-century Enlightenment category and the validity or otherwise of the concept of ‘Radical Enlightenment’ as well as the relationship between these two categories. Defining ‘Radical Enlightenment’ as the philosophical rejection of religious authority combined with a democratic tending system of social and political thought, and as a partly clandestine tradition that evolved in opposition to the moderate mainstream Enlightenment, it seeks to sketch in the main features both of the ‘negative critique’ broadly opposing this way of understanding the Western Enlightenment and the ‘positive critique’ that accepts this classification in broad outline.En el presente artículo se aspira a resumir los principales elementos de la controversia historiográfica acerca del significado de “Spinozismo” como categoría de la Ilustración del siglo XVIII y de la validez o no del concepto de “Ilustración Radical”, así como la relación entre ambas categorías. Al definir la “Ilustración Radical” como el rechazo filosófico de la autoridad religiosa, en combinación con un sistema de pensamiento social y político que propende a la democracia, y como una tradición en parte clandestina desarrollada en oposición a la corriente principal de la Ilustración, más moderada, el texto pretende bosquejar en sus rasgos distintivos tanto la “crítica negativa”, fuertemente opuesta a ese modo de entender la Ilustración Occidental, como la “crítica positiva”, que la acepta ampliamente

España y Europa. Desde el Tratado de Münster a la Paz de los Pirineos, 1648-1659

L’article analitza detingudament la última fase de la guerra entre França i Espanya, que es va perllongar des de 1648 a 1659. Si un acord de pau preliminar assolit en 1648 a l’escalf de la Pau de Westfàlia no va prosperar, tampoc les importants aproximacions aconseguides el 1656 van tenir èxit immediat. L’autor ressegueix la situació política i militar d’aquells anys fi ns al 1659, marcada, d’una banda, per l’esclat successiu de les sublevacions catalana i portuguesa i de les Frondes, i, de l’altra, per l’evolució de la infl uència espanyola a l’Alsàcia i a la Lorena i pels esdeveniments en diversos teatres d’operacions, des d’Itàlia fi ns al corredor del Rhin i a la frontera entre Flandes i França. Al mateix temps, ofereix una notable reevaluació de les postures negociadores espanyola i francesa, en funció de les actituds dels mandataris respectius i dels objectius que uns i altres perseguien; i concloconclou que, el 1660, era França la que clarament havia obtingut els seu

King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of ‘Tyranny’

El estilo sumamente abstracto de la filosofía de Spinoza ha alentado algunas interpretaciones en las que se afirma que tenía poco contacto con el ajetreo de los asuntos sociales y culturales a su alrededor. Este artículo muestra que las tres principales revueltas en Occidente (las de Holanda, Portugal y Aragón) contra Felipe II (que para él era el principal símbolo y personificación de la tiranía, del gobierno arbitrario e ilícito, de la intolerancia y de la represión de las libertades básicas) llegaron a estar en algún sentido entrelazadas y estuvieran presentes intensamente en su vida, lo que nos ayuda a entender que Spinoza fue un auténtico revolucionario.The highly abstract style of Spinoza’s philosophy has encouraged some interpretations of him as a thinker with little immediate connection with the whirl of social and cultural affairs around him. This article shows that all three major Western revolts - those of the Netherlands, Portugal and Aragon - against Philip II (his principal symbol and embodiment of tyranny, arbitrary and illicit governance, intolerance and repression of basic liberties) became in some sense internationally entwined and were intensely present in his life, which helps to understand that Spinoza was indeed a revolutionary

How Survivors of Domestic Violence Seek Legal and Social Support Against Their Abusers in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra State in India: An Exploratory Study

This exploratory study sought to gather detailed information about women’s experiences surviving and rehabilitating from domestic violence. This information was used to identify factors that encourage survivors to stay in their relationships and factors that enable them to seek legal and social support against their abusive partners. Qualitative data was gathered through a series of in-depth interviews and panel discussions with survivors of domestic violence in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra (India). This data was analyzed with guidance from Indian feminist theory, local professionals, and contributing research mentors. Further examination of national survey data, past research on domestic violence in Indian contexts, and broader social critique from native academics and activists were used to determine the social, cultural, and religious forces that have contributed to normalizing and perpetuating domestic violence in India. This study was conducted in conjunction with Snehalaya, a non-government organization based in Ahmednagar primarily assisting underprivileged women, children and LGBT communities suffering from poverty and the commercial sex industry

How Survivors of Domestic Violence Seek Legal and Social Support Against their Abusers in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra State in India: An Exploratory Study

This exploratory study sought to gather detailed information about women’s experiences surviving and rehabilitating from domestic violence. This information was used to identify factors that encourage survivors to stay in their relationships and factors that enable them to seek legal and social support against their abusive partners. Qualitative data was gathered through a series of in-depth interviews and panel discussions with survivors of domestic violence in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra (India). This data was analyzed with guidance from Indian feminist theory, local professionals, and contributing research mentors. Further examination of national survey data, past research on domestic violence in Indian contexts, and broader social critique from native academics and activists were used to determine the social, cultural, and religious forces that have contributed to normalizing and perpetuating domestic violence in India. This study was conducted in conjunction with Snehalaya, a non-government organization based in Ahmednagar primarily assisting underprivileged women, children and LGBT communities suffering from poverty and the commercial sex industry

A particle astrophysics magnet facility: ASTROMAG

The primary scientific objectives of ASTROMAG are to: examine cosmological models by searching for antimatter and dark matter candidates; study the origin and evolution of matter in the galaxy by direct sampling of galactic matter; and study the origin and acceleration of the relativistic particle plasma in the galaxy and its effects on the dynamics and evolution of the galaxy. These general scientific objectives will be met by ASTROMAG with particle detection instruments designed to make the following observations: search, for anti-nuclei of helium and heavier element; measure the spectra of anti-protons and positrons; measure the isotopic composition of cosmic ray nuclei at energies of several GeV/amu; and measure the energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei to very high energies