88 research outputs found

    Sparse canopy parameterizations for meteorological models

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    Meteorological models for numerical weather prediction or climate simulation require a description of land surface exchange processes. The degree of complexity of these land-surface parameterization schemes - or SVAT's - that is necessary for accurate model predictions, is yet unclear. Also, the calibration of these SVAT's for relatively complex terrain, such as sparse canopies, is not completely resolved. This thesis pays attention to the sensitivity of the atmospheric boundary layer to the parameterization of surface exchange processes for a sparse canopy surface.During two experimental campaigns carried out in a sparsely vegetated vineyard surface in La Mancha, Spain, detailed measurements were collected, including the flux densities of sensible, soil and latent heat, radiative fluxes, aerodynamic properties, and soil and vegetation characteristics. These measurements were used for calibration and validation of various SVAT-models and their components.In a theoretical analysis the traditional treatment of aerodynamic transport of heat and moisture between a sparse canopy surface and the atmosphere was considered, and compared by an alternative formulation based on Lagrangian diffusion theory. An analysis of field observations was carried out to quantify the spatial and temporal variability of the surface albedo of a sparsely vegetated surface. Furthermore, a model for the stomatal conductance, based on the calculation of leaf photosynthesis and its relations with stomatal water vapour transport, was tested and scaled- up to the canopy level.Various existing SVAT's, designed for sparse canopies, were described and compared to field measurements in a zero-dimensional mode, that is, with forcings measured at reference height close above the surface. These models were all based on different physical treatment of soil heat flux, aerodynamic exchange and canopy resistance. None of the included models gave an optimum description of the observed fluxes, but a model could be constructed that combined the best parts of each of these SVAT's.In an additional model study, this new description has been coupled to a onedimensional planetary boundary-layer (PBL) model. Parts of the SVAT were replaced by other components, and the impact on simulated PBL-dynamics has been evaluated. Large effects are found when (a) the reference two-layer model was replaced with a single layer ('big leaf') model, (b) soil heat flux was simulated with a resistance scheme rather than a diffusion or force-restore scheme, and (c) the aerodynamic resistance between the reference level and the bare soil was chosen too low. Since vegetation cover was small, smaller effects resulted from an alteration of the canopy resistance formulation. Also, it was found that the simulated entrainment of heat at the top of the boundary layer is low compared to entrainment ratios cited in literature

    Future changes in extreme precipitation in the Rhine basin based on global and regional climate model simulations

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    Probability estimates of the future change of extreme precipitation events are usually based on a limited number of available global climate model (GCM) or regional climate model (RCM) simulations. Since floods are related to heavy precipitation events, this restricts the assessment of flood risks. In this study a relatively simple method has been developed to get a better description of the range of changes in extreme precipitation events. Five bias-corrected RCM simulations of the 1961-2100 climate for a single greenhouse gas emission scenario (A1B SRES) were available for the Rhine basin. To increase the size of this five-member RCM ensemble, 13 additional GCM simulations were analysed. The climate responses of the GCMs are used to modify an observed (1961-1995) precipitation time series with an advanced delta change approach. Changes in the temporal means and variability are taken into account. It is found that the range of future change of extreme precipitation across the five-member RCM ensemble is similar to results from the 13-member GCM ensemble. For the RCM ensemble, the time series modification procedure also results in a similar climate response compared to the signal deduced from the direct model simulations. The changes from the individual RCM simulations, however, systematically differ from those of the driving GCMs, especially for long return periods

    Evaluation of European Land Data Assimilation System (ELDAS) products using in site observations

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    Three land-surface models with land-data assimilation scheme (DA) were evaluated for one growing season using in situ observations obtained across Europe. To avoid drifts in the land-surface state in the models, soil moisture corrections are derived from errors in screen-level atmospheric quantities. With the in situ data it is assessed whether these land-surface schemes produce adequate results regarding the annual range of the soil water content, the monthly mean soil moisture content in the root zone and evaporative fraction (the ratio of evapotranspiration to energy available at the surface). DA considerably reduced bias in net precipitation, while slightly reducing RMSE as well. Evaporative fraction was improved in dry conditions but was hardly affected in moist conditions. The amplitude of soil moisture variations tended to be underestimated. The impact of improved land-surface properties like Leaf Area Index, water holding capacity and rooting depth may be as large as corrections of the DA systems. Because soil moisture memorizes errors in the hydrological cycle of the models, DA will remain necessary in forecast mode. Model improvements should be balanced against improvements of DA per se. Model bias appearing from persistent analysis increments arising from DA systems should be addressed by model improvement

    Attention to safety 2

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    Tot op heden heeft onderzoek naar toekomstig overstromingsrisico vooral gebruik gemaakt van de scenarioaanpak. Het belangrijkste doel van deze studie is om een demonstratie te geven van een methode voor het produceren van probabilistische schattingen van overstromingsrisico’s als gevolg van klimaatverandering. Het onderzoek richt zich op twee casestudy trajecten langs de Rijn: Bonn-Duisburg en Mainz-Koblenz

    Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: First results from the LUCID intercomparison study

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    Seven climate models were used to explore the biogeophysical impacts of human-induced land cover change (LCC) at regional and global scales. The imposed LCC led to statistically significant decreases in the northern hemisphere summer latent heat flux in three models, and increases in three models. Five models simulated statistically significant cooling in summer in near-surface temperature over regions of LCC and one simulated warming. There were few significant changes in precipitation. Our results show no common remote impacts of LCC. The lack of consistency among the seven models was due to: 1) the implementation of LCC despite agreed maps of agricultural land, 2) the representation of crop phenology, 3) the parameterisation of albedo, and 4) the representation of evapotranspiration for different land cover types. This study highlights a dilemma: LCC is regionally significant, but it is not feasible to impose a common LCC across multiple models for the next IPCC assessment

    Aandacht voor veiligheid

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    De komende decennia worden er tussen de 500.000 en 1.500.000 woningen gebouwd waarvan een groot deel in laag Nederland. Deze studie laat zien dat door deze woningen overstromingsbestendig te bouwen schadereductie mogelijk is. Het schaderisico wordt dan nog eens een factor 2 minder als naast een Business as Usual variant nieuwbouwwoningen worden opgehoogd tot +5 m NAP. De kosten van opgehoogde nieuwbouwhuizen zijn hoger en variëren tussen de 0,4 en 1.7 miljard euro/jaar, hetgeen overeenkomt met 0,1-0,5% van het BNP. Dijkversterking levert de hoogste reductie op in het schaderisico bij de gehanteerde scenario’s. Gevolgbeperkende maatregelen in de ruimtelijk ordening als additionele oplossingsrichting zijn echter goed mogelijk als er ook een economische perspectief is bijvoorbeeld door middel van multifunctioneel ruimtegebruik

    Interactie tussen hemel en aarde

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    Het klimaat beĂŻnvloedt de staat van het land. Ook in de meteorologie beĂŻnvloeden atmosferische klimaatprocessen de toestand van het land: neerslag, wind, luchtvochtigheid, ze zijn van invloed op hoe nat het land is, of hoe warm, of bevroren. Maar andersom heeft het land ook een duidelijke invloed op de atmosfeer: water, straling, en warmte vinden ook hun weg naar boven. Bij een dergelijke tweezijdige beĂŻnvloeding spreekt men van terugkoppeling, of feedback. En die feedback is er deels verantwoordelijk voor dat bijvoorbeeld droge perioden in de zomer lang aan kunnen houden. Maar begrijpen we wel goed hoe het werkt? Weten we wel hoe we die terugkoppelingen in een klimaatmodel moeten stoppen? Zijn projecties met die klimaat- modellen voor ons toekomstig klimaat wel betrouwbaar? En hoe moeten we naar deze terugkoppeling kijken in het wetenschappelijk klimaatonderzoek? De oratie gaat in op deze vragen

    Interactie tussen hemel en aarde

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    Het klimaat beĂŻnvloedt de staat van het land. Ook in de meteorologie beĂŻnvloeden atmosferische klimaatprocessen de toestand van het land: neerslag, wind, luchtvochtigheid, ze zijn van invloed op hoe nat het land is, of hoe warm, of bevroren. Maar andersom heeft het land ook een duidelijke invloed op de atmosfeer: water, straling, en warmte vinden ook hun weg naar boven. Bij een dergelijke tweezijdige beĂŻnvloeding spreekt men van terugkoppeling, of feedback. En die feedback is er deels verantwoordelijk voor dat bijvoorbeeld droge perioden in de zomer lang aan kunnen houden. Maar begrijpen we wel goed hoe het werkt? Weten we wel hoe we die terugkoppelingen in een klimaatmodel moeten stoppen? Zijn projecties met die klimaat- modellen voor ons toekomstig klimaat wel betrouwbaar? En hoe moeten we naar deze terugkoppeling kijken in het wetenschappelijk klimaatonderzoek? De oratie gaat in op deze vragen

    Fluctuations of the horizontal wind under unstable conditions.

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