40 research outputs found
Implications of the agreements between China and Panama
Studying the implications of the bilateral agreements between the Republic of Panama and the People’s Republic of China of 2017 allows us to understand the economic and political effects of Chinese diplomacy on international cooperation, economic development, and soft power under the principles of trust and mutual benefit. The objective is to theorise the possible risks of the various aspects of these agreements; expand or modify their terms, ideally, if desirable; promote all sectors’ participation; and collect scientific evidence to make the agreements easier for decision-makers to evaluate. Maintaining complex, interdependent relationships with different spheres of power requires prioritising national interests and adapting them to the new global reality of the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires adjusting agreements on grounds other than the Belt and Road’s specific objectives
The 'two Chinas' and Panama: an historical review of Panamanian relations with the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, 1903–2017
This paper offers a historical overview of Panama’s ties with the “two Chinas”, focusing initially on Asian migration to the Isthmus of Panama before the territory became part of New Granada (Colombia). This migration was the result of Chinese labourers being recruited to work for the Panama railway construction company from 1850-1855 and, a few decades later, for construction of the French Canal and the Panama Canal. This will be followed by an examination of the Republic of China (ROC or Taiwan) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) respective policies towards Panama. In addition, this paper analyses the new social, political, and economic scenarios resulting from Panama’s decision to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China in June 2017. Panama’s engagement with China, particularly its links with China’s signature Belt and Road Initiative presents opportunities and challenges for the Central American country as it balances these with its national priorities
The diplomatic context between China and Panama and their agreements
n 2017, Panamanian President Juan Carlos Varela established official ties with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), deepening such diplomacy without disclosing why, exactly, his government had broken its long-standing relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) in favor of those with the PRC, what commitments his government had made to the PRC, and how he planned to handle the PRC’s strategic interests. China’s objectives, however, are clear. Beijing knows the strategic value of relations with Panama, particularly through its multi-trillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The Panamanian side, meanwhile, negotiated hastily in a process without consultation, leaving their country in a lurch. Accordingly, Panamanian now need to do the work—to evaluate Panama-PRC agreements, involve all relevant sectors, and move forward according to the country’s best interests. This study analyzes Chinese diplomacy with a focus on Latin America, as well as the content of the PRC’s 47 agreements with Panama, ultimately offering a path forward for Panama
Los Derechos de las personas LGBTIQ+, agenda de género y las políticas de igualdad.
In Central America, human rights instruments, public policies and plans for gender equality have been approved, but discrimination and women’s demand for respect for their human rights persist, feminist social movements and LGBTIQ + people are added, who They are excluded from these policies. The study, through the analysis of the international regulatory frameworks, the commitments acquired by the States, and the equality policies of the region, seeks the objective of identifying their rights, the challenges in their recognition, the policies of equality and the inclusion of the human rights of the LGBTIQ + population, which shows that states are not responding to the demands of the gender agenda.En Centroamérica se han aprobado instrumentos de derechos humanos, políticas públicas y planes para la igualdad de género, pero persiste la discriminación y a la demanda de las mujeres por el respeto de sus derechos humanos, se suman los movimientos sociales feministas y las personas LGBTIQ+, que son excluidos de estas políticas. El estudio a través del análisis de los marcos normativos internacionales, los compromisos adquiridos por los Estados, y las políticas de igualdad de la región, busca el objetivo de identificar sus derechos, los retos en su reconocimiento, las políticas de igualdad y la inclusión de los derechos humanos de la población LGBTIQ+, que evidencia que los Estados no están dando respuestas a las demandas de la agenda de género
New diplomatic relations between Panama and China: geopolitical and socioeconomic implications
Autoestima, motivación y resiliencia en escuelas panameñas con puntajes diferenciados en la Prueba TERCE
Education in recent decades has moved from a traditional context to a context reflective of individual competence, in order to create healthy and inclusive schools that develop professional-social-personal skills. However, it has focused on quantitative aspects, leaving aside other factors that can influence performance, such as motivation, self-esteem, and resilience. The main objective of this study is to analyze the factors involved in academic performance, such as self-esteem, motivation and school resilience in the results obtained in the TERCE test. The sample consists of 568 students aged 10-12 years and 11 teachers from (8) schools of the Republic of Panama chosen from the arithmetic mean (best performance = 5; low performance = 3, in TERCE). The School Self-Esteem Test, the Questionnaire to Assess School Motivation, School Resilience Scale and Test Expectations and Motivational Attitudes of Teachers Test have been used. This study has found that the self-esteem variable correlates with gender, academic performance and school type (P <0.05); it is also affected by the geographical location of students, which also the case for the motivation variable (P <0.05). Children from hard-to-reach schools have an average level of resilience associated with positive levels in the identity-self-esteem dimension. In addition, teachers perceive that school performance is influenced by external factors, giving more importance to grades. In order to learn, cognitive skills, knowledge and strategies are important, which require intention and motivation to be gained.La educación en las últimas décadas se ha trasformado de un contexto tradicional a uno por competencia, para crear escuelas saludables e inclusivas con el fin de desarrollar las habilidades profesionales-sociales-personales. Sin embargo, se ha centrado en el contexto cuantitativo, dejando de un lado otros factores que pueden incidir en el rendimiento, como la motivación, autoestima, y resiliencia. El objetivo central fue analizar los factores que intervienen en el rendimiento académico como: la autoestima, motivación y resiliencia escolar en los resultados obtenidos en la prueba TERCE. La muestra fueron 568 alumnos de 10-12 años y 11 docentes de (8) escuelas de la República de Panamá escogidas a partir de la media aritmética (mejor rendimiento=5; bajo rendimiento=3, en el TERCE). Se utilizó el Test de Autoestima escolar, Cuestionario para Valorar la motivación escolar, Escala de Resiliencia Escolar y Test Expectativas y actitudes motivacionales del profesorado. En este estudio se encontró que la variable Autoestima se correlaciona con el factor género, rendimiento académico, tipo de escuela (P<0.05), sin embargo, es afectada por la ubicación geográfica de donde viven los estudiantes, fenómeno que se repite en la motivación (P<0.05). Los niños de las escuelas de difícil acceso presentan un nivel de Resiliencia (Media) asociado a niveles positivos en la dimensión identidad-autoestima. Además, los docentes tienen la percepción que el rendimiento escolar está influenciado por factores externos, dando mayor importancia a las calificaciones. Para aprender son importantes las capacidades, conocimientos y estrategias cognitivas, requiriendo de la intención y motivación suficiente para lograrlo
Nuevas relaciones diplomáticas entre Panamá y China: implicaciones geopolíticas y socioeconómicas
La dinámica cambiante de las relaciones de Panamá con la República Popular China ha cautivado la atención del mundo desde el 13 de junio de 2017, cuando el presidente Juan Carlos Varela anunció un cambio de reconocimiento diplomático a Beijing. El revuelo que causó en los titulares de todo el mundo provocó una respuesta apresurada por parte de Estados Unidos, tomada con la guardia baja, centrada en las fulminaciones admonitorias del Secretario de Estado estadounidense, Mike Pompeo, de que el enredo financiero con China corría el riesgo de hundir a Panamá en una trampa de deuda. La subsiguiente prisa de Panamá por negociar un Tratado de Libre Comercio con China, junto con el compromiso de Beijing de construir un ferrocarril de alta velocidad en todo el país y otros proyectos de infraestructura, demostró ser el punto culminante de la cooperación bajo Varela. Las nuevas elecciones de mayo de 2019 trajeron un nuevo liderazgo bajo el presidente Laurentino Cortizo Cohen y, con eso, una reconsideración del abrazo total de Panamá a China. Con el inicio de la guerra comercial entre Estados Unidos y China y las conversaciones sobre una “nueva Guerra Fría", lo que está en juego para Panamá ha aumentado de manera constante.
Esta publicación ha sido realizada con el apoyo financiero de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Proyecto: SENACYT-FID-18-034- Nuevas relaciones diplomáticas entre Panamá y China: implicaciones geopolíticas y socioeconómicas. Ejecutado por la Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua (USMA) en colaboración con The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE-IDEAS) y (LSE-Global South-Unit).
Las opiniones y contenidos de esta publicación son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores, y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de las entidades y organizaciones del Proyecto.
Reservados todos los derechos. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio, sin autorización escrita
Fitoperifiton asociado al río Acacias-Pajure en la Orinoquia colombiana
Phytoperiphyton refers to the autotrophic component belonging to the periphyton community, composed of aquatic microorganisms that have been monitored for their ecological importance and potential as bioindicators. Few investigations have been carried out on this community in the Colombian Orinoquia, a region with abundant water resources and multiple anthropic pressures, because it is the country’s main agricultural and energy source. Three monitorings were carried out at 12 points along the Acacias-Pajure River, where a total of 41 genera were identified. The highest records of richness were presented at monitoring points 6 and 7, associated with oil palm crops and livestock activity. Navicula (Ochrophyta) and Cosmarium (Charophyta) were the most frequent genera, Oedogonium (Chlorophyta) and Phormidium (Cyanobacteria) the most abundant along the river.El fitoperifiton hace referencia al componente autótrofo perteneciente a la comunidad del perifiton, compuesta por microorganismos acuáticos que han sido monitoreados por su importancia ecológica y potencial como bioindicadores. Son escasos los estudios que se han realizado sobre esta comunidad en la Orinoquia colombiana, región con un abundante recurso hídrico y con múltiples presiones antrópicas, debido a que es la principal despensa agrícola y energética del país. Se realizaron tres monitoreos en 12 puntos a lo largo del río Acacias-Pajure, en donde se identificaron un total de 41 géneros. Los mayores registros de riqueza se presentaron en los puntos de monitoreo 6 y 7, asociados a cultivos de palma de aceite y actividad ganadera. Navicula (Ochrophyta) y Cosmarium (Charophyta) fueron los géneros más frecuentes, Oedogonium (Chlorophyta) y Phormidium (Cyanobacteria) los más abundantes a lo largo del río
Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years
Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 17
El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 17 de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada, de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico. Con esta colección, se aspira contribuir con el cultivo, la comprensión, la recopilación y la apropiación social del conocimiento en cuanto a patrimonio intangible de la humanidad, con el propósito de hacer aportes con la transformación de las relaciones socioculturales que sustentan la construcción social de los saberes y su reconocimiento como bien público