Association between the polymorphism of CA dinucleotide repeat in intron 1 of NFκB1 gene and risk of breast cancer

زمینه و هدف: ژن NFκB1 زیر واحد اتصالی به DNA در کمپلکس NF-κB را کد می‌کند. تزاید بیان این ژن در برخی سرطان‌ها از جمله سرطان پستان گزارش ‌شده ‌است. در این مطالعه، وجود پلی‌مورفیسم تکرار CA در اینترون یک ژنNFκB1 و ارتباط آن با خطر ابتلا به سرطان پستان در جمعیت اصفهان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش بررسی: این مطالعه‌ی مورد- شاهد، بر روی 115 زن مبتلا به سرطان پستان و 115 زن سالم صورت گرفت. پس از استخراج DNA از نمونه‌های خون افراد مورد مطالعه، توالی مورد نظر توسط واکنش زنجیره‌ای پلیمراز تکثیر گردید. در نهایت پلی‌مورفیسم تکرار CA توسط الکتروفورز قطعات تکثیر شده بر روی ژل پلی‌اکریل‌آمید و تعیین توالی مشخص شد. یافته ها: بر طبق نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه، نه الل مختلف تکرار CA در محدوده‌ی 14 تا 23 تکرار در اینترون یک این ژن مشخص شد. بیشترین فراوانی اللی در هر دو گروه بیمار (27) و کنترل (28/69) متعلق به الل 16(CA) بود. با توجه به فراوانی الل کوتاه 14(CA) در افراد بیمار (3/04) و کنترل (0)، زنان حامل الل 14(CA) ژنNFκB1 به طور قابل توجهی در معرض خطر بالاتری برای ابتلا به سرطان پستان قرار دارند. نتیجه گیری: از آنجا که الل‌ 14 تکرار CA تنها در افراد بیمار مشاهده شد و با توجه به نسبت افزاینده بزرگتر از هشت، ممکن است این تکرار اللی بتواند به عنوان یک مارکر پیش‌آگاهی سرطان پستان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate in Aqueous Solutions using Ag-doped TiO2/UV Process

Background and Objectives: Pollution of water resources to nitrate is an environmental problem in many parts of the world. This problem possibly causes diseases such as methemoglobinemia, lymphatic system cancer and Leukemia. Hence, nitrate control and removal from water resources is necessary. Considering that application of nanomaterials in treatment of environmental pollutants has become an interesting method, in this research use of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized through photodeposition produced under UV irradiation was studied for removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions.Materials and Methods: Three nitrate concentrations of 20, 50, and 100 mg/L were considered. In order to determine the effect of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on  nitrate removal, dosages of  0.1, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g/L nanoparticles were used; pH range of 5-9 was also considered. The effect of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles both in darkness and under UV irradiation was studied. Moreover, the presence of chloride and sulfate anions on the system removal efficiency was investigated.Results: The optimum performance of nitrate removal (95.5%) was obtained using nitrate concentration of 100 mg/L, in acidic pH and 0.8 g/L Ag-TiO2. Increase of nanoparticle dosage up to 0.8 g/L, increased the removal efficiency, but for 1.2 g/L dosage of nanoparticles, the removal efficiency decreased. Maximum reduction performance without nanoparticles, under UV irradiation and under darkness conditions were 32% and 23.3% , respectively. In addition, we found that presence of sulfate and chloride anions in aqueous solution reduced efficiency of nitrate removal.Conclusion: Results of this study showed that Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles may be efficiently used for nitrate removal from aqueous solutions

Screening and evaluation of chronic and occult Hepatitis B in chemo – radiotherapy patients with cancer

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) and its complications is one of the most serious problems of the health system in many parts of the world. In the present study, we will assess chronic and occult HBV and isolated anti-Hepatitis B core antigen whose screening and evaluation is not routine in different populations. Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted on 213 patients undergoing chemotherapy - radiotherapy referred to the hematology - oncology clinics of Isfahan, Iran in 2012. In order to determine the serum levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HbSAg), Hepatitis B Antigen and Antibody (HBCAb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALK.P), venous blood samples were obtained. If the HBCAb sample was positive, another sample of the serum was sent to the laboratory to perform polymerase chain reaction and to determine viral load. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.7 ± 9 years, with an age range of 27 -73 years; 98 (46%) and 115 (54%) cases were male and female, respectively, with mean age of 51.9 ± 8.3 and 44.1 ± 8.1 years, and there was no significant difference (P < 0.001). The mean level of liver enzymes including AST, ALT and ALK.P were 34.2 ± 36.02, 38.9 ± 47.1 and 252.1 ± 234.7, respectively. Two cases were HbSAg positive (0.9%) and six cases were HBCAb positive (2.8%) and HbSAg negative. Three cases had a high viral load at the rate of starting treatment among positive anti-HBC patients. Conclusion: Because occult hepatitis is investigated less commonly in routine studies, it seems that screening and evaluating its prevalence is useful in the management of patients

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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