Pemanfaatan Media Gambar Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Kelas 1 Sdn 15 Sungai Baung Bengkayang

Reading the beginning is a must-have basic skills in the early grades so that students can develop a better picture with the use of the media is expected to enhance students' skills in reading. By having the ability to read the beginning of the students will be able to read a syllable or phrase correctly so as to obtain the information more widely to support himself in the study at a later stage. The research results obtained in the field that the acquisition of student learning outcomes after the action in the first cycle at an average of 54.81 while the average achieved in the first cycle of student activity 58.02%. Because it has not reached the KKM the action back in the second cycle showed significant changes which occur the recovery in the cycle than I. In an average increase in the second cycle of acquisition of learning outcomes achieved 67.40%, while the average increase student activity menjadi74, 07%. The study is expected to provide input, advice and consideration for every teacher who teaches Indonesian especially in grade I SDN 15 Sungai Baung in improving students' skills in reading beginning

DNA methylation of disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (disc1) gene in schizophrenia using methylight taqman assay

Introduction: Significant evidences from functional studies have shown that DISC1 gene has a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, although the basis of the genetic defect has yet to be established. There has been a shift of emphasis from DISC1 gene variations to other genetic defect such as copy number and epigenetic, both of which have not been well investigated. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the DNA methylation status of DISC1 gene in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: In this study, 239 subjects were included, 117 schizophrenia patients and 122 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was derived from peripheral blood and bisulfite converted. The DNA methylation level was quantitatively measured by Methylight Taqman analysis. Sociodemographic and the clinical parameters were noted. The severity of the clinical symptoms was assessed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: The mean age and gender distribution of the study groups were similar. There were no significant differences in the methylation level of DISC1 between the patients and control groups When patients were compared by age, duration of illness, age at diagnosis, body mass index, smoking status, PANSS score, and types of antipsychotic treatment, the DNA methylation level of DISC1, did not show any significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusions: This study found no significant difference in methylation level of DISC1 gene between schizophrenia patients and healthy control. Therefore it is suggested that aberrant DNA methylation of DISC1 most probably does not contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

The characteristic of whole wheat bread supplemented with roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) powder

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) has many health benefits and all parts of the roselle, including calyx, seeds, leaves, fruits and roots. Over the years, high demand for wholegrain products has been observed worldwide due to their high nutritional values and protective effects against several chronic diseases. Whole wheat bread is one of the most consumed whole-grain products. However, products of whole wheat flour had lower consumer acceptability than refined flour. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the addition of roselle powder (1, 2, or 3%) on the characteristics and composition of whole wheat dough and whole wheat bread. Bread quality is determined by sensory evaluation, bulk density, texture profile analysis (TPA), colour and moisture content, ash, protein, fat, crude fibre, and carbohydrates. The sensory analysis showed the 2% roselle powder was the best bread formulation with 6.65±1.00 of panel acceptance compared to the other formulations. By incorporating roselle powder, the height of the dough was similar to any commercial bread (10 cm) and could shorten the fermentation time from 60 to 45 mins. Sensory-wise, the bread colour was lighter and reddish, which was appealing with the values of 53.92±0.02 for ∆E*. The firmness of roselle bread was reduced from 4.60±o.42 to 2.55±0.46 with a decreasing amount of roselle powder from 3% to 1% but increased to 5.19±0.15 during 4 days of storage. Interestingly, roselle bread has the potential to reduce staling of bread during storage with a value of 6.29±0.35 in control bread to 5.19±0.15 in F2 roselle bread after certain days of storage

Sensitivity analysis of leaching process on rare earth elements by using metsim software

Leaching is part of the hydrometallurgical treatment in the separation of rare earth elements (REEs). The increase of demand for REEs in the world but its limited supply caused by the separation process that has negative environmental impact, as well as high costs of laboratory work, the alternative method to study on the extraction of these resources are urgently needed. This can be done through simulation study that eliminates the number of experiment that needs to be carried out. In this work, a sensitivity analysis of the leaching process for light rare earth elements (LREEs); Lanthanum (La) and Neodymium (Nd) from monazite concentrate was carried out by employing a software called METSIM which is able to model metallurgical processes. METSIM software is also able to calculate mass and heat balance of complicated hydrometallurgy processes and furthermore, its function has been expanded to involved chemical reactions, process control and equipment sizing. The simulation of the digestion and the leaching process was run and compared with experimental work from the literature, which aimed to optimize the leaching process. Leaching is an extraction process of a substance from a solid material that is dissolved in a liquid. In this study, the leaching process is modelled as a two-steps process, in which the first step is the digestion process, followed by the actual leaching process. The monazite concentrate is made strong bonds as REEs oxide, therefore, they are not soluble in water before leaching process. For the digestion process, the monazite concentrate was mixed with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the digestion reactor. The precipitates which contain leachate was then mixed with deionised water in the leaching reactor to increase the solubility of La and Nd. The reaction equations for the digestion reactor are as shown in Equations (1) and (2), while for the leaching reactor are shown by Equations (3) and (4) as follows

Association between DNA methylation of the CUB and sushi multiple domains 1 gene and schizophrenia

Introduction: The CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 protein (CSMD1) inhibits the complement cascade in neural tissues. Complement activation in the brain has been proposed as one of the pathogeneses for schizophrenia by causing excessive synapse pruning. A variant of the CSMD1 gene is also associated with schizophrenia at genome-wide level and is linked with cognitive impairment. However, there is lack of study on DNA methylation of CSMD1 in schizophrenia. Therefore, this study investigated the levels of CSMD1 DNA methylation in schizophrenia and the relationship with symptom severity. Methods: In this case-control study, DNA methylation levels of CSMD1 were compared between 183 schizophrenia patients (SZ) and 212 healthy controls (HC). The DNA methylation levels were quantified using MethyLight quantitative PCR assay on bisulfite-modified genomic DNA, purified from peripheral blood. The methylation levels were measured as percentage of methylated reference (PMR). Symptom severity was assessed in SZ using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: There were lower CSMD1 PMR values in SZ compared to HC (p = 0.001). Additionally, there were negative correlation between CSMD1 PMR values and positive PANSS scores (rs = -0.206, p = 0.005). Age and ethnicity were also associated with CSMD1 PMR values. Conclusion: These results suggest that hypomethylation of CSMD1 could be one of the molecular bases for schizophrenia. Nevertheless, these results must be verified, and the mechanism of association must be determined in future studies

Association between LRRTM1 gene DNA methylation and schizophrenia psychopathology

Introduction: Leucine-rich-repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 1 (LRRTM1) is a synaptic adhesion molecule involved in synapse organization. DNA hypomethylation of the LRRTM1 gene promoter was shown to be associated with familial schizophrenia. However, the association with schizophrenia in general and its symptom severity is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the DNA methylation level of LRRTM1 gene in schizophrenia patients and its relationship with psychopathology. Methods: In this study, 183 schizophrenia patients and 212 healthy controls were included. The DNA methylation level was measured using MethyLight quantitative PCR assay on bisulfite converted genomic DNA from peripheral blood. The methylation levels were measured as percentage of methylated reference (PMR). Psychopathology was assessed using five-factor Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP). Results: There was no significant difference in the DNA methylation level of LRRTM1 between the patients and healthy control group. However, there were significant negative correlation between LRRTM1 DNA methylation level and total PANSS (rho = -0.156), negative symptoms (rho = -0.147) and disorganization symptoms (rho = -0.171) scores respectively (all p <0.05). In addition, there was significant positive correlation between LRRTM1 DNA methylation level with PSP scores (rho = 0.19, p = 0.01) Conclusion: The observed inverse relationship between LRRTM1 DNA methylation and schizophrenia symptom severity supports potential role of LRRTM1 dysregulation in the psychopathology of schizophrenia, in line with theory of synapse integrity

Association between plasma endocannabinoids and appetite in hemodialysis patients: A pilot study

Uremia-associated anorexia may be related to altered levels of long chain n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derived circulating endocannabinoids (EC) and EC-like compounds that are known to mediate appetite. Our study's hypothesis was that such molecules are associated with appetite in patients with end-stage renal disease. A cross-sectional observational study was performed in 20 chronic hemodialysis patients (9 females, 11 males) and 10 healthy female controls in whom appetite was assessed using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and blood drawn in the fasting (and when applicable) pre-dialysis state. Blood levels of PUFA and EC were also measured. Higher blood levels of the long chain n-6 fatty acid 20:4n6 (arachidonic acid) and lower levels of the long chain n-3 fatty acid 20:5n3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) were observed in female hemodialysis patients compared to controls. No differences were observed between male and female patients. In female study participants strong correlations between specific EC-like compounds and total SNAQ scores were noted, including with the n-6 PUFA derived linoleoyl ethanolamide (L-EA; ρ=-0.60, P<.01) and the n-3 PUFA derived docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DH-EA; ρ=0.63, P<.01). The L-EA:DH-EA ratio was most strongly associated with the SNAQ score (ρ=-0.74, P≤.001), and its questions associated with appetite (ρ=-0.69, P≤.01) and satiety (ρ=-0.81, P≤.001). These findings support a link between circulating EC and appetite in hemodialysis patients

Is Malaysia’s banded langur, Presbytis femoralis femoralis, actually Presbytis neglectus neglectus? Taxonomic revision with new insights on the radiation history of the Presbytis species group in Southeast Asia

The disjunct distribution of Presbytis femoralis subspecies across Sumatra (P. f. percura), southern (P. f. femoralis) and northern (P. f. robinsoni) Peninsular Malaysia marks the unique vicariance events in the Sunda Shelf. However, the taxonomic positions and evolutionary history of P. f. femoralis are unresolved after decades of research. To elucidate this evolutionary history, we analyzed 501 base pairs of the mitochondrial HVSI gene from 25 individuals representing Malaysia’s banded langur, with the addition of 29 sequences of Asian Presbytis from Genbank. Our results revealed closer affinity of P. f. femoralis to P. m. mitrata and P. m. sumatrana while maintaining the monophyletic state of P. f. femoralis as compared to P. f. robinsoni. Two central theses were inferred from the results; (1) P. f. femoralis does not belong in the same species classification as P. f. robinsoni, and (2) P. f. femoralis is the basal lineage of the Presbytis in Peninsular Malaysia. Proving the first hypothesis through genetic analysis, we reassigned P. f. femoralis of Malaysia to Presbytis neglectus (Schlegel’s banded langur) (Schlegel in Revue Methodique, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas 7:1, 1876) following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (article 23.3). The ancestors of P. neglectus are hypothesized to have reached southern Peninsular Malaysia during the Pleistocene and survived in refugium along the western coast. Consequently, they radiated upward, forming P. f. robinsoni and P. siamensis resulting in the highly allopatric distribution in Peninsular Malaysia. This study has successfully resolved the taxonomic position of P. neglectus in Peninsular Malaysia while providing an alternative biogeographic theory for the Asian Presbytis