МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ ДО РОЗВ'ЯЗУВАННЯ ФІЗИЧНИХ ЗАДАЧ ЯК БАЗИС ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ СТУДЕНТІВ

The question of the formation of high quality structured guidance to the solution of problems of general physics course. It is proved in practice that the basis of guidelines should be laid general problem solving algorithms with specific physical themes. As an example, presents the basis for guidelines for solving problems with the "Mechanical oscillations and waves." The conclusion that the guidelines for solving problems involving the quality of their formation could be basis of effective independent work of students in the study of general physics course.Розглядається питання про формування якісно структурованих методичних вказівок до розв’язування задач із курсу загальної фізики. Доведено на практиці, що основою методичних вказівок мають бути загальні алгоритми розв’язку задач з конкретних фізичних тем. Як приклад представлено основу методичних вказівок до розв’язування задач із розділу “Механічні коливання і хвилі”. Зроблено висновок, що методичні вказівки до розв’язування задач при якісному їх формуванні можуть стати базисом ефективної самостійної роботи студентів при вивченні курсу загальної фізики

Analysis of the demand for video lectures in the discipline “Polyclinic Therapy”

Purpose — to analyze the annual dynamics of students’ views of video lectures on the discipline “Polyclinic Therapy”.Цель — проанализировать годовую динамику просмотров студентами видеолекций по дисциплине «Поликлиническая терапия»

Иксодовые клещи юга Восточной Сибири и Монголии и их спонтанная зараженность возбудителями природно-очаговых трансмиссивных инфекций

The goal of the study is to reveal the species of Ixodid ticks in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, having epidemiological value and pathogens that transmit to humans via their bites. The tasks is to determine ecologo-epidemiologial characteristics of the main vectors and genetic characteristics of the agents of tick-borne infections. Characterization of the materials. There are materials of the study of more than 200 000 Ixodid ticks of 4 species and their rate of infection by different pathogens with zooparasitological, epidemiological, virological, microbiological, molecular-biological standard and modified to the goals and tasks of the study. Most abundance and dangerous species is Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. ticks, that is widespread in region investigated. The agents of known vector-borne infections in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia are tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afze- lii, Rickettsia sibirica, R. sp. DnS14 group.C целью выявления видов иксодовых клещей, имеющих эпидемическое значение на территории Восточной Сибири и Мон- голии, и возбудителей инфекций, передающихся человеку через их укусы, были исследованы эколого-эпидемиологические и ге- нетические характеристики основных переносчиков клещевых инфекций и связанных с ними возбудителей болезней человека. В статье приведены материалы изучения более 200 тыс. экземпляров иксодовых клещей четырех видов, исследован- ных при помощи общепринятых зоопаразитологических, эпидемиологических, вирусологических, микробиологических, молекулярно-биологических и модифицированных применительно к целям и задачам исследования методов. Наиболее массовым и опасным видом является таежный клещ Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch., широко распространенный в регионе. Эпидемиологическое значение имеют также клещи видов Dermacentor nuttalli Ol., Dermacentor silvarum Ol., Hae- maphysalis concinna Koch. Возбудителями трансмиссивных инфекций в Восточной Сибири и Монголии являются вирус КЭ, боррелии, риккетсии, возможно, эрлихии и другие патогены

Enhancement of endogenous neurogenesis in ephrin-B3 deficient mice after transient focal cerebral ischemia

Cerebral ischemia stimulates endogenous neurogenesis. However, the functional relevance of this phenomenon remains unclear because of poor survival and low neuronal differentiation rates of newborn cells. Therefore, further studies on mechanisms regulating neurogenesis under ischemic conditions are required, among which ephrin-ligands and ephrin-receptors (Eph) are an interesting target. Although Eph/ephrin proteins like ephrin-B3 are known to negatively regulate neurogenesis under physiological conditions, their role in cerebral ischemia is largely unknown. We therefore studied neurogenesis, brain injury and functional outcome in ephrin-B3−/− (knockout) and ephrin-B3+/+ (wild-type) mice submitted to cerebral ischemia. Induction of stroke resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation around the lesion site of ephrin-B3−/− compared to ephrin-B3+/+ mice. However, prominent post-ischemic neurogenesis in ephrin-B3−/− mice was accompanied by significantly increased ischemic injury and motor coordination deficits that persisted up to 4 weeks. Ischemic injury in ephrin-B3−/− mice was associated with a caspase-3-dependent activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Whereas inhibition of caspase-3 had no effect on brain injury in ephrin-B3+/+ animals, infarct size in ephrin-B3−/− mice was strongly reduced, suggesting that aggravated brain injury in these animals might involve a caspase-3-dependent activation of STAT1. In conclusion, post-ischemic neurogenesis in ephrin-B3−/− mice is strongly enhanced, but fails to contribute to functional recovery because of caspase-3-mediated aggravation of ischemic injury in these animals. Our results suggest that ephrin-B3 might be an interesting target for overcoming some of the limitations of further cell-based therapies in stroke

Prevention of methamphetamine-induced microglial cell death by TNF-α and IL-6 through activation of the JAK-STAT pathway

<p><b>Abstract</b></p> <p><b>Background</b></p> <p>It is well known that methamphetamine (METH) is neurotoxic and recent studies have suggested the involvement of neuroinflammatory processes in brain dysfunction induced by misuse of this drug. Indeed, glial cells seem to be activated in response to METH, but its effects on microglial cells are not fully understood. Moreover, it has been shown that cytokines, which are normally released by activated microglia, may have a dual role in response to brain injury. This led us to study the toxic effect of METH on microglial cells by looking to cell death and alterations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) systems, as well as the role played by these cytokines.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>We used the N9 microglial cell line, and cell death and proliferation were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine, respectively. The TNF-α and IL-6 content was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and changes in TNF receptor 1, IL-6 receptor-alpha, Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels by western blotting. Immunocytochemistry analysis was also performed to evaluate alterations in microglial morphology and in the protein expression of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3).</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>METH induced microglial cell death in a concentration-dependent manner (EC₅₀ = 1 mM), and also led to significant morphological changes and decreased cell proliferation. Additionally, this drug increased TNF-α extracellular and intracellular levels, as well as its receptor protein levels at 1 h, whereas IL-6 and its receptor levels were increased at 24 h post-exposure. However, the endogenous proinflammatory cytokines did not contribute to METH-induced microglial cell death. On the other hand, exogenous low concentrations of TNF-α or IL-6 had a protective effect. Interestingly, we also verified that the anti-apoptotic role of TNF-α was mediated by activation of IL-6 signaling, specifically the janus kinase (JAK)-STAT3 pathway, which in turn induced down-regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>These findings show that TNF-α and IL-6 have a protective role against METH-induced microglial cell death via the IL-6 receptor, specifically through activation of the JAK-STAT3 pathway, with consequent changes in pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins.</p

Risk Factors Associated with Adverse Fetal Outcomes in Pregnancies Affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Secondary Analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19

To evaluate the strength of association between maternal and pregnancy characteristics and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Secondary analysis of a multinational, cohort study on all consecutive pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from February 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 from 73 centers from 22 different countries. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as a positive result on real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens. The primary outcome was a composite adverse fetal outcome, defined as the presence of either abortion (pregnancy loss before 22 weeks of gestations), stillbirth (intrauterine fetal death after 22 weeks of gestation), neonatal death (death of a live-born infant within the first 28 days of life), and perinatal death (either stillbirth or neonatal death). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate parameters independently associated with the primary outcome. Logistic regression was reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30.6\ub19.5 weeks, with 8.0% of women being diagnosed in the first, 22.2% in the second and 69.8% in the third trimester of pregnancy. There were six miscarriage (2.3%), six intrauterine device (IUD) (2.3) and 5 (2.0%) neonatal deaths, with an overall rate of perinatal death of 4.2% (11/265), thus resulting into 17 cases experiencing and 226 not experiencing composite adverse fetal outcome. Neither stillbirths nor neonatal deaths had congenital anomalies found at antenatal or postnatal evaluation. Furthermore, none of the cases experiencing IUD had signs of impending demise at arterial or venous Doppler. Neonatal deaths were all considered as prematurity-related adverse events. Of the 250 live-born neonates, one (0.4%) was found positive at RT-PCR pharyngeal swabs performed after delivery. The mother was tested positive during the third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn was asymptomatic and had negative RT-PCR test after 14 days of life. At logistic regression analysis, gestational age at diagnosis (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.8-0.9 per week increase; p<0.001), birthweight (OR: 1.17, 95% CI 1.09-1.12.7 per 100 g decrease; p=0.012) and maternal ventilatory support, including either need for oxygen or CPAP (OR: 4.12, 95% CI 2.3-7.9; p=0.001) were independently associated with composite adverse fetal outcome. Early gestational age at infection, maternal ventilatory supports and low birthweight are the main determinants of adverse perinatal outcomes in fetuses with maternal COVID-19 infection. Conversely, the risk of vertical transmission seems negligible

Abstracts from the 20th International Symposium on Signal Transduction at the Blood-Brain Barriers

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138963/1/12987_2017_Article_71.pd

Guidance for Solving Physical Problems as the Basis Effective Independent Work of Students

The question of the formation of high quality structured guidance to the solution of problems of general physics course. It is proved in practice that the basis of guidelines should be laid general problem solving algorithms with specific physical themes. As an example, presents the basis for guidelines for solving problems with the "Mechanical oscillations and waves." The conclusion that the guidelines for solving problems involving the quality of their formation could be basis of effective independent work of students in the study of general physics course