FACTORES DIETÉTICOS Y NUTRICIONALES EN LA PREVENCIÓN DE LA ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER

La prevalencia de la demencia incluyendo la enfermedad de Alzheimer ha aumentado de forma alarmante en los últimos años. La enfermedad de Alzheimer es uno de los problemas sociosanitarios más importantes actualmente y una de las principales causas de discapacidad y dependencia entre las personas mayores. Las causas que la originan no han sido del todo elucidadas. Algunos factores de riesgo que se asocian con la enfermedad de Alzheimer son factores genéticos, eventos vasculares, historia de traumatismo en la cabeza, estrés oxidativo, disminución de la producción de óxido nítrico a nivel endotelial, hiperhomocisteinemia, hipertensión, resistencia a la insulina, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia, obesidad, alteraciones hormonales, factores del estilo de vida y factores psicológicos. Dentro de los factores del estilo de vida, la alimentación tiene un papel esencial en la prevención y desarrollo de la enfermedad. El consumo de frutas, verduras, pescados, lácteos y derivados, frutos secos, vino tinto, aceite de oliva y té verde en cantidades adecuadas y la ingesta de ácidos grasos omega 3, folatos, vitamina A, E, C, D, B6 y B12, colina, magnesio y selenio pudieran ayudar a frenar el deterioro cognitivo y disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad. De forma contraria, el exceso de la ingesta de energía, grasas saturadas y trans parece estar relacionado con el aumento del riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad. Pese a toda la evidencia científica disponible, se requiere realizar más estudios sobre la relación entre los factores dietéticos y nutricionales y la prevención de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.ABSTRACTThe prevalence of dementia including Alzheimer's disease has increased dramatically in recent years. Currently, Alzheimer's disease is one of the most important social and health problems and one of the leading causes of disability and dependence among the elderly. The causes of the disease have not been fully elucidated. Some risk factors have been associated with Alzheimer's disease such as genetic factors, vascular events, history of head trauma, oxidative stress, the decrease production of nitric oxide in the endothelium, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, hormonal disorders, lifestyle and psychological factors. Among the lifestyle factors, diet plays an essential role in the prevention and development of the disease. Consumption of adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables, fish, dairy products, nuts, red wine, olive oil and green tea, and the intake of omega 3 fatty acids, folate, vitamin A, E, C, D, B6 and B12, choline, magnesium and selenium may help curb the cognitive decline and reduce the risk of developing the disease. Conversely, excessive intake of energy, saturated and trans fats could increase the risk of developing the disease. In spite of all the available scientific evidence it requires further studies on the relationship between dietary and nutritional factors and the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.Palabras claves: alimentación, nutrición, enfermedad de Alzheimer, food, nutrition, Alzheimer's diseas

A physiological approach to study the competition ability of the grassland species Trifolium pratense and Agrostis capillaris

(EN) The response of plant species to external factors depends partly on the interaction with the environment and with the other species that coexist in the same ecosystem. Several studies have investigated the main traits that determine the competitive capacity of plant species, and although the relevance of the traits is not clear, traits both from belowground and aboveground have been observed. In this paper, we grew Trifolium pratense and Agrostis capillaris in intra- and interspecific competition, analyzing the photosynthetic metabolism and nitrogen uptake, among other variables. The results indicated that T. pratense possesses better competition ability due to the higher competitive performance for soil resources compared to A. capillaris, explained by a higher root biomass and a higher nitrogen uptake rate in the former than in the latter. These traits permitted T. pratense to show higher photosynthetic rate than A. capillaris when both species were grown in mixture. Furthermore, the interspecific competition provoked A. capillaris to activate its antioxidant metabolism, through SOD activity, to detoxify the reactive oxygen species generated due to its lower capacity for using the photochemical energy absorbed. In this experiment, we conclude that the competitiveness seems to be more related with soil resources competition than with light competition, and that the photosynthetic rate decline in A. capillaris is more a secondary effect as a consequence of nitrogen limitation.Research was financially supported by: MICINN-BFU2010-16349/BFI cofounded by ERDF, UFI11/24 and GRUPO Gobierno Vasco-IT1022-16. J. Miranda-Apodaca is the recipient of a postdoctoral fellow from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU

Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes derived from 1-ferrocenylmethyl-3,5-diphenylpyrazole. Coordination, cyclometallation or transannulation?

The synthesis and characterization of the novel pyrazole derivative [1-(Fc-CH2)-3,5-Ph-2-(C3HN2)] (2) {Fc = (eta(5) -C5H5)Fe(eta(5)-C5H4)-} with a ferrocenylmethyl substituent on position 1 of the heterocycle is described. The study of the reactivity of 2 with cis-[MCl2L2] (M = Pt and L = dmso or M = Pd and L = dmso or CH3CN), Pd(AcO)(2) or Na-2[PdCl4] under different experimental conditions, has allowed us to isolate and characterize a wide variety of platinum(II) or palladium(II) complexes: trans-[Pt{1-(Fc-CH2)-3,5-Ph2-(C3HN2)} Cl-2(dmso)] (3), the cis-isomers of [M{1-(Fc-CH2)-3,5-Ph-2-(C3HN2)}Cl-2(dmso)] {M = Pt (4) or Pd (7)}, trans-[Pd{1-(Fc-CH2)-3,5-Ph-2-(C3HN2)}(2)Cl-2] (8), the cyclometallated compounds [M{1-(Fc-CH2)-(3-C6H4)-5-Ph-(C3HN2)}Cl(L)] {with M = Pt and L = dmso (5) or PPh3 (6) or M = Pd and L = PPh3 (9)} and the palladium(II) complex [Pd{1-[(eta(5)-C5H4)Fe{(eta(5)-C5H4)-CH2]-3,5-Ph-2-(C3HN2)}Cl(PPh3)] (10) that arises from a transannulation process. The crystal structures of the free ligand 2 and compounds 4, 7, 9 and 10 are also reported and confirm the cis-disposition of the Cl- ligands in 4 and 7, the trans-arrangement of the phosphorous and the nitrogen atoms in 9 and 10, the mode of binding of the ligand in 4, 7, 9 and 10 and the nature of the metallated carbon atom {C(sp(2), phenyl) in 9 or the C(sp(2), ferrocenyl) of the C5H5 ring in 10}. In order to rationalize the different nature of the products isolated in the reactions of 2 with Pd(AcO)(2) or Na-2[PdCl4] and NaAcO density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the complexes have also been carried out

Pd(II) complexes with N-substituted pyrazoles as ligands. The influence of the R group [OMe versus NMe2] of [1-{R(CH2)2}-3,5-Ph2(C3HN2)] on their cytotoxic activity on breast cancer cell lines

The study of the reactivity of the novel pyrazole derivative [1-{MeOe(CH2)2e}-3,5-Ph2e(C3HN2)] (1) with Na2[PdCl4] or Pd(OAc)2 under different experimental conditions has allowed us to isolate and characterize the trans-isomers of [Pd{[1-{MeOe(CH2)2e}-3,5-Ph2e(C3HN2)]}2(X)2] [X ¼ Cl (2) or OAc (3)] and the di-m-ligand bridged cyclopalladated complexes [Pd{k2,C,N[1-{MeOe(CH2)2e}-3-(C6H4),5-Ph- (C3HN2)]}(m-X)]2 [X ¼ OAc (4) or Cl (5)]. Further treatment of compounds 4 or 5 with PPh3 in CH2Cl2 produced the bridge splitting and the formation of [Pd{k2,C,N[1-{MeOe(CH2)2e}-3-(C6H4),5-Ph- (C3HN2)]}X(PPh3)] [X ¼ OAc (6) or Cl (7)]. The cytotoxic assessment of the free ligand (1) and the Pd(II) complexes on the two breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB231 reveals that: a) compound 1 is less active than its analogue [1-{Me2Ne(CH2)2e}-3,5-Ph2e(C3HN2)] (Ic) and b) palladacycles 4e7 showed a remarkable cytotoxic activity in the MDA-MB231 cell line (with IC50 values in the range 9.1e14.4 mM)

Telemedicine, Psychology and Diabetes: Evaluation of results and cost analysis

The Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes (PSAD) Study Group is an official Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).AIMS: Evidences of benefits of telemedicine in T1DM patients on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) treatment are limited. Aims: 1) to analyse the differences in clinical and psychological variables between subjects with T1DM on CSII treatment who were included in a Telecare (TC) program, and subjects with T1DM on CSII treatment who received Conventional care (CC); 2) Perform a cost analysis of the use of telemedicine in DM1 patients treated with CSII (TC versus CC). METHODS and PARTICIPANTS: Cross-over randomized clinical trial with duration of 18 months. 51 patients signed informed consent. Participants were randomly assigned to receive TC program or CC during 6 months, and after a 3 months wash-out period, patients changed to CC or to TC respectively. TC program included monthly visits using an Internet platform. CC comprised face-to-face visits every three months. Sociodemographic, clinical and psychological data was measured at the beginning and at the end of TC and CC. The direct and indirect costs were also measured. T Student was performed to assess differences between first and last visits in both groups (TC / CC). RESULTS: Patients with telemedicine at the end of treatment, have fewer hyperglycemia / week, less distress and greater adherence. Considering both direct and indirect costs, the cost per treatment (TC / CC) is similar. CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine has significant implications for clinical and psychological variables and has the same cost (total) than the conventional treatment. Therefore, it can be a useful alternative for treatment of DM1 patients with CSII. However, studies with a larger sample size are needed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Psychoeducational preventive treatment for women at risk of postpartum depression: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial, PROGEA

Background: Postpartum depression is a disease with a prevalence of 20% that has deleterious consequences not only for the mother but also for the baby and can cause delays in physical, social and cognitive development. In this context, the European Union Committee on Public Health has declared it essential that preventative measures are taken by centres providing care for women with a multidisciplinary approach. PROGEA is a multicentre, single-blind randomized, 3-year, longitudinal clinical trial aiming to evaluate the efficacy of a psychoeducational programme in preventing postpartum depression in at-risk women, based on a range of clinical variables, and explore prognostic factors. This paper describes the methods and rationale behind the study. Methods: We will study women receiving treatment as usual plus a psychoeducation cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based intervention and a control group receiving only treatment as usual. The sample will be recruited from an incidental sampling of pregnant women in two health regions. We will recruit 600 women in the third trimester of pregnancy who consent to take part in the study. Almost half of the women, about 280, would be expected to have some risk factors for postpartum depression. All those found to have risk factors will be evaluated, and we estimate that a quarter will be classified as at-risk of developing postpartum depression as measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. This subset will be randomly allocated to receive treatment as usual with or without the CBT intervention. Six sessions of CBT (1 individual and 5 group) will be offered by a psychologist. Discussion: Findings from this study will be used to design a definitive study that will examine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the CBT-based intervention in improving the mood of women in the postpartum period.This work was supported by local grants from the Department of Education, Linguistic Policy and Culture of the Basque Country Government (2011111110)

Inclusión de la harina de caña proteica en la alimentación de alevines de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.)

The biological effect of protein sugar cane meal inclusion in all isocaloric and isoprotein diets for red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) alevins was evaluated. Four complete diets including 0 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % of sugar cane meal protein were prepared. A total of 500 red tilapia alevins (Oreochromis spp.) weighing 1,55 ± 0,01 g were randomly distributed into 5 treatment reservoirs. Weight gain and food consumption were registered during 50 days to calculate daily weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion rate, protein efficiency rate, and net protein utility. None of the inclusion levels showed significant differences compared to the control group. Findings support the inclusion of protein sugar cane meal in complete diets up to 20 % without affecting growth indexes, food supply and survival indicators.Se evaluó el efecto de la inclusión de harina de caña proteica en dietas isocalóricas e isoproteicas para alevines de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) Se elaboraron cuatro dietas completas con 0; 10; 15 y 20 % de dicho alimento, elaborado a partir de caña de azúcar y ensilado de pescado. Un total de 500 alevines de 1,55 ± 0,01 g fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cinco piscinas por tratamiento. Durante 50 días se registró el crecimiento en peso y consumo de alimento para calcular el incremento de peso diario, tasa de crecimiento específico, factor de conversión alimentaria, tasa de eficiencia proteica y utilidad proteica neta. Ninguno de los niveles de inclusión mostró diferencias significativas con respecto al control; así, se concluye que la harina de caña proteica puede formar parte de dietas completas hasta en un 20 % de inclusión, sin que se afecten los indicadores de crecimiento, utilización de alimentos y supervivencia

An ancient testis-specific IQ motif-containing H gene regulates specific transcript isoform expression during spermatogenesis

Spermatogenic cells express more alternatively spliced RNAs than most whole tissues; however, the regulation of these events remains unclear. Here, we have characterized the function of a testis-specific IQ motif-containing H gene (Iqch) using a mutant mouse model. We found that Iqch is essential for the specific expression of RNA isoforms during spermatogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry of the testis, we noted that Iqch was expressed mainly in the nucleus of spermatocyte and spermatid, where IQCH appeared juxtaposed with SRRM2 and ERSP1 in the nuclear speckles, suggesting that interactions among these proteins regulate alternative splicing (AS). Using RNA-seq, we found that mutant Iqch produces alterations in gene expression, including the clear downregulation of testis-specific lncRNAs and protein-coding genes at the spermatid stage, and AS modifications – principally increased intron retention – resulting in complete male infertility. Interestingly, we identified previously unreported spliced transcripts in the wild-type testis, while mutant Iqch modified the expression and use of hundreds of RNA isoforms, favouring the expression of the canonical form. This suggests that Iqch is part of a splicing control mechanism, which is essential in germ cell biologyThis study was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2021-122507OB-I00 and PID2020-117491GB-I00) and the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. P.N.-L. was supported by a pre-doctoral fellowship from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PRE2019-088813) and M.L. was supported by a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral contract (FJC2019-040385-I) from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Open access funding provided by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas. Deposited in PMC for immediate releas