Multiwavelength observations of the blazar BL Lacertae: a new fast TeV γ-ray flare

Proceedings of the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2017), Busan (South Korea). Published in Proceeding of Science.Observations of fast TeV γ-ray flares from blazars reveal the extreme compactness of emitting regions in blazar jets. Combined with very-long-baseline radio interferometry measurements, they probe the structure and emission mechanism of the jet. We report on a fast TeV γ-ray flare from BL Lacertae observed by VERITAS, with a rise time of about 2.3 hours and a decay time of about 36 minutes. The peak flux at >200 GeV measured with the 4-minute binned light curve is (4.2±0.6)×10−6photonsm−2s−1, or ∼180% the Crab Nebula flux. Variability in GeV γ-ray, X-ray, and optical flux, as well as in optical and radio polarization was observed around the time of the TeV γ-ray flare. A possible superluminal knot was identified in the VLBA observations at 43 GHz. The flare constrains the size of the emitting region, and is consistent with several theoretical models with stationary shocks

Breast treatments with Axxent equipment.Comparison with Mammosite for skin, lung and heart dose

Poster Session [EP-1314] Purpose or Objective We have treated 250 patients at our center from May 2015 to September 2017 for breast cancer with Axxent (Xoft Inc.) intraoperativ e radiotherapy (IORT) following the inclusion parameters of the TARGIT study, in this work we compare the doses in the skin of the first 150 patients treated with the 50 kVp source with the skin doses they would have received using the Mammosite kit using an Ir192 source. Material and Methods To the 250 patients treated in our center after removing the tumor, the appropriate balloon size is chosen to cover the tumor area with a dose of 20 Gy on the ball oon surface, the sizes used range fro m 30-65 cm3, after which it is verified that the distance to skin from the 3 closest points of the balloon i s less than 10 mm and then the treatment is carried out with an average duration of 10.3 minutes being the volumes of 30 and 35 cm3 the most used due to the inclusion criteria of the procedure. Treatment plans are previously per formed in a Brachyvision treatment planning system (TPS) (Varian Inc.) for each of the possible volumes. In tur n, another plan is calculated with the Mammosite applicator and Ir192 source, from which the skin dose of each control point is estimated, compared to our results. We present also the cases of acute dermatitis seen for these first 150 patients in a time less than 6 months after the surgical act and irradiation. Results The differences in maximum skin dose for bot h types of treatment are 8.1 ± 1.2 Gy for the case of Mammosite and 5.7 ± 1.5 Gy for patients treated with electronic source, due to the difference in the depht dos e percentage of both types of treatment (Image 1). This, in turn, explains the very few cases of acute dermatitis at 6 months (8 cases of grade 2 and 2 cases of grade 3) (Image 2) with no recurrence to date.We also show the mean and maximum doses (expressed as percentage of prescribed dose) for the left lung and heart in cases of left breast tumor for the volumes of 30 and 35 cm3, which are the most common volumes in our hospital (70% of cases): LEFT LUNG (Left Breast tratment) AXXENT MAMMOSITE Maximun Dose (%PD) 20.4% 29.9% Mean Dose (%PD) 1.0% 3.9% HEART (Left Breast tratment) AXXENT MAMMOSITE Maximun Dose (%PD) 4.1% 10.4% Mean Dose (%PD) 0.8% 3.3% Conclusion It is concluded that the IORT treatments performed with the Axxent equipment with electronic source are a good alternative to those performed with Ir192 and our 250 patients treated to date to the good results presented by other centers are joined.In additi on to the low skin toxicity, there is no recurrence in patients treated so far, which makes us very optimistic about the results

Evidence of internal rotation and a helical magnetic field in the jet of the quasar NRAO 150

The source NRAO 150 is a very prominent millimeter to radio emitting quasar at redshift z = 1.52 for which previous millimeter VLBI observations revealed a fast counterclockwise rotation of the innermost regions of the jet. Here we present new polarimetric multi-epoch VLBI-imaging observations of NRAO 150 performed at 8, 15, 22, 43, and 86 GHz with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), and the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA) between 2006 and 2010. All new and previous observational evidence - i.e., spectral index maps, multi-epoch image cross-correlation, and low level of linear polarization degree in optically thin regions - are consistent with an interpretation of the source behavior where the jet is seen at an extremely small angle to the line of sight, and the high frequency emitting regions in NRAO 150 rotate at high speeds on the plane of the sky with respect to a reference point that does not need to be related to any particularly prominent jet feature. The observed polarization angle distribution at 22, 43, and 86 GHz during observing epochs with high polarization degree suggests that we have detected the toroidal component of the magnetic field threading the innermost jet plasma regions. This is also consistent with the lower degree of polarization detected at progressively poorer angular resolutions, where the integrated polarization intensity produced by the toroidal field is explained by polarization cancellation inside the observing beam. All this evidence is fully consistent with a kinematic scenario where the main kinematic and polarization properties of the 43 GHz emitting structure of NRAO 150 are explained by the internal rotation of such emission regions around the jet axis when the jet is seen almost face on. A simplified model developed to fit helical trajectories to the observed kinematics of the 43GHz features fully supports this hypothesis. This explains the kinematics of the innermost regions of the jet in NRAO 150 in terms of internal jet rotation

Iron overload causes endolysosomal deficits modulated by NAADP-regulated 2-pore channels and RAB7A

Various neurodegenerative disorders are associated with increased brain iron content. Iron is known to cause oxidative stress, which concomitantly promotes cell death. Whereas endolysosomes are known to serve as intracellular iron storage organelles, the consequences of increased iron on endolysosomal functioning, and effects on cell viability upon modulation of endolysosomal iron release remain largely unknown. Here, we show that increasing intracellular iron causes endolysosomal alterations associated with impaired autophagic clearance of intracellular protein aggregates, increased cytosolic oxidative stress and increased cell death. These effects are subject to regulation by NAADP, a potent second messenger reported to target endolysosomal TPCNs (2-pore channels). Consistent with endolysosomal iron storage, cytosolic iron levels are modulated by NAADP, and increased cytosolic iron is detected when overexpressing active, but not inactive TPCNs, indicating that these channels can modulate endolysosomal iron release. Cell death triggered by altered intralysosomal iron handling is abrogated in the presence of an NAADP antagonist or when inhibiting RAB7A activity. Taken together, our results suggest that increased endolysosomal iron causes cell death associated with increased cytosolic oxidative stress as well as autophagic impairments, and these effects are subject to modulation by endolysosomal ion channel activity in a RAB7A-dependent manner. These data highlight alternative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders associated with increased intracellular iron load

Bounded Components of Positive Solutions of Nonlinear Abstract Equations

In this work a general class of nonlinear abstract equations satisfying a generalized strong maximum principle is considered in order to show that any bounded component of positive solutions bifurcating from the curve of trivial states (λ, u) = (λ, 0) at a nonlinear eigenvalue λ = λ₀ must meet the curve of trivial states (λ, 0) at another singular value λ₁ ≠ λ₀. Since the unilateral theorems of P. H. Rabinowitz [13, Theorems 1.27 and 1.40] are not true as originally stated (c.f. the counterexample of E. N. Dancer [6]), in order to get our main result the unilateral theorem of J. Lopez-Gomez [11, Theorem 6.4.3] is required

Effectiveness of Thrombectomy in Stroke According to Baseline Prognostic Factors: Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Analysis of a Population-Based Registry

Stroke; Thrombectomy; PrognosisIctus; Trombectomia; PronòsticIctus; Trombectomía; PronósticoBackground and purpose: In real-world practice, the benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is uncertain in stroke patients with very favorable or poor prognostic profiles at baseline. We studied the effectiveness of MT versus medical treatment stratifying by different baseline prognostic factors. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 2,588 patients with an ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion nested in the population-based registry of stroke code activations in Catalonia from January 2017 to June 2019. The effect of MT on good functional outcome (modified Rankin Score ≤2) and survival at 3 months was studied using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis in three pre-defined baseline prognostic groups: poor (if pre-stroke disability, age >85 years, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] >25, time from onset >6 hours, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score 3), good (if NIHSS <6 or distal occlusion, in the absence of poor prognostic factors), or reference (not meeting other groups' criteria). Results: Patients receiving MT (n=1,996, 77%) were younger, had less pre-stroke disability, and received systemic thrombolysis less frequently. These differences were balanced after the IPTW stratified by prognosis. MT was associated with good functional outcome in the reference (odds ratio [OR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 4.4), and especially in the poor baseline prognostic stratum (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.6 to 5.9), but not in the good prognostic stratum. MT was associated with survival only in the poor prognostic stratum (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.0 to 3.3). Conclusions: Despite their worse overall outcomes, the impact of thrombectomy over medical management was more substantial in patients with poorer baseline prognostic factors than patients with good prognostic factors

Thickness-Dependent Differential Reflectance Spectra of Monolayer and Few-Layer MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2

The research field of two dimensional (2D) materials strongly relies on optical microscopy characterization tools to identify atomically thin materials and to determine their number of layers. Moreover, optical microscopy-based techniques opened the door to study the optical properties of these nanomaterials. We presented a comprehensive study of the differential reflectance spectra of 2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2, with thickness ranging from one layer up to six layers. We analyzed the thickness-dependent energy of the different excitonic features, indicating the change in the band structure of the different TMDC materials with the number of layers. Our work provided a route to employ differential reflectance spectroscopy for determining the number of layers of MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2.Comment: Main text (3 Figures) and Supp. Info. (23 Figures

Physical and mathematical modeling of wave propagation in the Ariane 5 VEB structure

The separation of the lower stage of the ARIANE 5 Vehicle Equipment Bay (VEB) Structure is to be done using a pyrotechnic device. The wave propagation effects produced by the explosion can affect the electronic equipment, so it was decided to analyze, using both physical and numerical modeling, a small piece of the structure to determine the distribution of the accelerations and the relative importance of damping, stiffness, connections, etc. on the response of the equipment

Evaluation of native microalgae from Tunisia using the pulse-amplitude-modulation measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and a performance study in semi-continuous mode for biofuel production

Background: Microalgae are attracting much attention as a promising feedstock for renewable energy production, while simultaneously providing environmental benefits. So far, comparison studies for microalgae selection for this purpose were mainly based on data obtained from batch cultures, where the lipid content and the growth rate were the main selection parameters. The present study evaluates the performance of native microalgae strains in semi-continuous mode, considering the suitability of the algal-derived fatty acid composition and the saponifiable lipid productivity as selection criteria for microalgal fuel production. Evaluation of the photosynthetic performance and the robustness of the selected strain under outdoor conditions was conducted to assess its capability to grow and tolerate harsh environmental growth conditions. Results: In this study, five native microalgae strains from Tunisia (one freshwater and four marine strains) were isolated and evaluated as potential raw material to produce biofuel. Firstly, molecular identification of the strains was performed. Then, experiments in semi-continuous mode at different dilution rates were carried out. The local microalgae strains were characterized in terms of biomass and lipid productivity, in addition to protein content, and fatty acid profile, content and productivity. The marine strain Chlorella sp. showed, at 0.20 1/day dilution rate, lipid and biomass productivities of 35.10 mg/L day and 0.2 g/L day, respectively. Moreover, data from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements demonstrated the robustness of this strain as it tolerated extreme outdoor conditions including high (38 ° C) and low (10 ° C) temperature, and high irradiance (1600 µmol/m2 s). Conclusions: Selection of native microalgae allows identifying potential strains suitable for use in the production of biofuels. The selected strain Chlorella sp. demonstrated adequate performance to be scaled up to outdoor conditions. Although experiments were performed at laboratory conditions, the methodology used in this paper allows a robust evaluation of microalgae strains for potential market applications.This study was supported by the Marine Microalgae Biotechnology Group at the University of Almer'a (BIO 173) and the Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3) within the joint framework of supervised theses between the University of Almeria, Spain and the University of Sfax, Tunisia.Scopu

OMAE 2007-29386 WET GAS SEPARATION IN GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE (GLCC) SEPARATOR

ABSTRACT A novel Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC ©1 ) , equipped with an Annular Film Extractor (AFE), for wet gas applications has been developed and studied experimentally and theoretically. Detailed experimental investigation of the modified GLCC has been carried out for low and high pressure conditions. The results show expansion of the operational envelope for liquid carry-over, and improved performance of the modified GLCC. For low pressures, the modified GLCC can remove all the liquid from the gas stream, resulting in zero liquid carry-over. For high pressure conditions, the GLCC with a single AFE has separation efficiency &gt; 80% for gas velocity ratio of &lt; 3. A mechanistic model and an aspect ratio design model for the modified GLCC has been developed, including the analysis of the AFE. The model predictions agree with the experimental data within ± 15% for low pressure and ± 25% for high pressure conditions. INTRODUCTION Effective gas-liquid separation is important not only to ensure that the required gas quality is achieved, but also to prevent problems in downstream process equipment and compressors. A common phenomenon in separation is the entrainment of liquid droplets in the gas stream, namely liquid-carry over (LCO). LCO must be avoided or reduced below a certain level. The API-12-J rule recommends liquid content in processed gas to be &lt; 0.1 gal/mmscf, to guarantee efficient downstream processing. Once the bulk liquid is knocked out, which can be achieved in different separation facilities, the remaining liquid 1 GLCC -Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone -Copyright, The University of Tulsa, 1994. droplets that are entrained in the gas phase are separated using demisting devices. In the past, the petroleum industry has utilized conventional separation technology to eliminate LCO. Normally, this technology consists of vertical vessel-type devices like scrubbers, which are heavy and expensive. More recently, due to economic and operational constrains, the petroleum industry has shown keen interest in developing alternatives to conventional separators, in the form of compact separator. Compact separators are an attractive alternative to conventional separators, since they are compact, low weight, low cost and efficient separators that can reduce production cost. An example of a compact separator is the Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC © ) . As more and more GLCCs are installed in the field, the need for GLCCs for wet gas separation has become critical for the industry, for handling high gas rates, associated with Copyright © 2007 by ASME velocities above the onset to annular/mist flow velocity. The GLCC design is not optimized for these applications to handle the liquid carry-over in the form of droplets and annular liquid film. Although demisting devices can be installed in the gas leg to remove liquid particles from the gas stream, it may not be the best solution due to high pressure losses and maintenance costs. The objectives of this investigation are to study experimentally and theoretically the hydrodynamics of dispersed wet gas two-phase swirling flow in the upper section of the GLCC modified with the Annular Film Extractor (AFE). As part of the theoretical study a mechanistic model for the prediction of the complex flow behavior and the separation efficiency in the modified GLCC will be developed. The importance of this study is to enhance the GLCC technology for wet gas application. LITERATURE REVIEW Utilization of the GLCC compact separator for gas-liquid separation is a relatively new technology in the oil and gas industry. With more than 1300 in the field, GLCCs have become increasingly popular as attractive alternatives to conventional separators. Following is a brief review of pertinent studies published in the literature. Experimental Studies: A novel approach was presented by Theoretical Studies: Mechanistic modeling is based on the physical phenomena of the flow, tested and refined with experimental data. Several mechanistic models have been developed for the GLCC, as presented next. Based on their experimental investigation, a GLCC rudimentary mechanistic model was developed by Previously published bubble trajectory model for the GLCC was evaluated and enhanced by A mechanistic model for the prediction of the percent liquid carry-over beyond the LCO operational envelope, for churn flow conditions, was developed by Low Pressure Experimental Program The air-water low-pressure experimental facility used is a fully instrumented 2&quot; diameter flow loop, capable of testing different separation equipment, or combined separation systems. The experimental system consists of three major sections: storage and metering section GLCC test section, and data acquisition system. Details of the flow loop are given in GLCC Test Section: The test section consists of a modified GLCC separator, as shown schematically in Annular Film Extractor (AFE): The main modification of the GLCC is made by adding an Annular Film Extractor (AFE) and a liquid return pipe, which is used to drain the extracted liquid from the AFE to the liquid leg, as show in The AFE is located 2 feet above the inlet and consists of a 101.6 ± 0.4 mm annular trap, a 25.4 ± 0.4 mm spacing gap between the vortex tube and the vortex finder and a 38.1 ± 0.4 mm ID liquid return pipe to the liquid leg. The upper end of the vortex tube is machined inside the pipe wall to form a small pipe extension with a sharp edge at the top. Similarly, the lower end of the vortex finder is machined outside to form a cone with a sharp edge at the bottom. The entire GLCC test section was made of a transparent acrylic pipe section. Gas, with high velocity, flows into the modified GLCC through the tangential inlet nozzle, creating swirl flow. The centrifugal force pushes the liquid droplets in the gas core towards the pipe wall, forming an upward swirling liquid film. The AFE removes part of the upward liquid film before the liquid is re-entrained into the gas core. Thus, the modified GLCC can operate at high gas velocities, large than 10.0 m/s, and still can tolerate relatively high superficial liquid velocities. A liquid control valve in the liquid leg is used to control the liquid level in the GLCC. Utilizing the liquid level signal provided by a differential pressure transducer, and a gas control valve in the gas leg is used to control the operating pressure, utilizing the pressure signal provided by an absolute pressure transducer. Experimental Results The experimental results for GLCC performance with the AFE include the operational envelopes for liquid carry-over and measurements of liquid extraction by the AFE. All the data were taken at 138 kPa (20 psia) and 22ºC (72ºF). A flow pattern map for the inlet section, based on the Taitel and Dukler (1976) model, is presented in Operational Envelope: The operational envelope for liquid carry-over is a plot of superficial gas velocity ( sg v ) versus the superficial liquid velocity ( sl v ) for the onset of liquid carry-over observed in the outlet gas stream. If the operational gas and liquid flow rates are below the operational envelope line, no liquid carry-over occurs. If the gas and liquid flow rates are over the operational envelope line, liquid carryover occurs. where e W is the Weber number that is equal to 8 for small droplets. Beyond this gas velocity, mist flow occurs at the upper part of the GLCC and liquid is carried over either by fine droplets or by liquid film along the pipe wall. For the modified GLCC, the operational envelope expands to higher gas velocities, as the AFE can remove all the liquid entrained. However, it terminates at a superficial gas velocity of 17.7 m/s (58 ft/s) (beyond ann v = 10.0 m/s) because of capacity limitation of the compressor. The operational envelope can extend further in the higher gas velocity region until the axial gas velocity is high enough to re-entrain liquid into the gas core. The modified GLCC can tolerate relatively high superficial liquid velocities up to 0.15 m/s (0.5 ft/s) Liquid Extraction: It is difficult to measure the liquid carry-over for a regular GLCC operating at high gas velocities due to the occurrence of annular/mist flow. However, a modified GLCC with an AFE can be used to indirectly measure the liquid carry-over for a regular GLCC operating at high gas .15 m/s, the amount of liquid extraction decreases with the increase of the gas velocity ratio initially, reaching a minimum at a gas velocity ratio of 1.88. Beyond this ratio, the amount of liquid extraction increases with increasing gas velocity ratio. However, at lower sl v (less than 0.12 m/s) the liquid extraction always increases with the increase of gas velocity ratio. This phenomenon can be explained physically through the inlet nozzle analysis. At higher liquid flow rates (exceeding 0.12 m/s), the liquid film level at the inlet nozzle is relatively high and is sensitive to the gas flow rate. With the increase of the gas flow rate, the liquid level decreases and is accelerated through the nozzle, resulting in more liquid being pushed downwards into the lower part of the GLCC, due to the inlet inclination. As a result, under this condition, the liquid extraction decreases with the increase of gas velocity ratio. However, when the minimum gas velocity ratio is reached, this nozzle effect is diminished and the gas core entrains more liquid as the velocity ratio increases. • The amount of liquid extraction increases with the increase of liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity. This can be expected intuitively due to the presence of more liquid in the upper part of the GLCC. • When the gas velocity ratio is below 1.35, no upward swirling liquid film is observed and no liquid is extracted into the AFE. • At high gas velocities (gas velocity ratio &gt; 1.88), all the liquid extraction curves for the different liquid flow rates overlap. It can be noted that the percent liquid carry-over for a regular GLCC is in the range of 0.3-3.2% for the tested conditions. The percent liquid extraction can also be plotted for the same data but as function of inlet liquid loadings. The inlet liquid loading is defined as: ), the percent liquid extraction is much larger than that for lower liquid loading in the relatively lower gas velocity ratio region. For high gas velocity ratios larger than 1.88, the percent liquid extraction curves overlap for the different liquid loading values. High Pressure Experimental Program The high pressure test facility Colorado Engineering Experiment Station, Inc. (CEESI), located in Colorado, was utilized to study wet gas separation in a GLCC at high pressure. It is a close-loop test facility, which uses real hydrocarbons fluids. The liquid phase was Decane ( 0 API=50 and viscosity 0.4 cp) and the gas phase was mainly Methane (specific gravity 0.56 and viscosity 0.015 cp). The experimental data presented by After being separated in a downstream separator, the flow rate of the liquid and gas streams are measured and then combined to form a two-phase mixture, which is sent to the GLCC test section. To measure liquid separation efficiency of the GLCC separator, the separated gas stream is directed into a gas scrubber immediately downstream of the GLCC gas leg. Liquids removed by the annular film extractor and the scrubber represent the total liquid carry-over from the GLCC. These liquids are collected in a vertical pipe over a period of time. The experimental results include the measurements of liquid extraction in the AFE and also by the downstream scrubber. The data were taken at three different pressures, 1378 kPa, 3447 kPa, 6894 kPa, and at 32.2 ºC. Before showing the high-pressure results it is important to point out how the gas velocity for onset of annular/mist flow is affected by pressure. Experimental Results: For high pressure, two superficial liquid velocities, namely, 3.05 x 10-3 m/s and 3.05 x 10-2 m/s, were tested for different superficial gas velocities to obtain the amount of liquid extraction and the liquid separation efficiency. • The liquid separation efficiency decreases sharply with the increase of gas velocity ratio, implying that the amount of liquid carry-over is increased. • Until a gas velocity ratio of ann sg v v ≈ 3, the efficiency for the three different pressures is above 60 %. • The efficiency decreases with increased liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity. This behavior is expected due to the presence of more liquid. • The efficiency also decreases with increasing pressure for the same gas velocity. This behavior is due to the fact that the difference between the fluid densities is decreased with pressure. • The liquid separation efficiency trend in the modified GLCC separator exhibits a characteristic of being nearly constant up to a gas velocity ratio of ≈ 3. For these conditions the efficiency is above 90% for pressures of 1378, and 3447, kPa, and above 80% for pressure of 6894 kPa. Further increase of the gas velocity ratio results in liquid separation efficiency being decreased sharply. • The efficiency decreases with the increased of liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity, due to the presence of more liquid. • The efficiency also decreases with increasing pressure for the same gas velocity, as explained before. A plot of the liquid separation efficiency in a modified GLCC with a dual annular film extractor versus the gas velocity ratio, , is presented in • As shown before, the efficiency decreases with increasing liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity. • The efficiency decreases with the increase of pressure for the same gas velocity, due to the increase in the gas density. MECHANISTIC MODELING This chapter presents a mechanistic model developed in this study for the modified GLCC with an AFE. The model is composed of several sub-models published previously, as well as a new sub model for the AFE. A schematic of the modified GLCC is shown in The GLCC consists of a vertical pipe section (the separator) and an inclined pipe section (the inlet), both pipes are attached through a reducing area nozzle. The vertical pipe is divided by the nozzle into two sections, namely, the upper part and the lower part of the GLCC. The gas exits from the top of the GLCC through the gas leg, while the liquid exits from the bottom through the liquid leg. The AFE is located in the upper part of the GLCC, above the inlet. The extracted liquid flows through the liquid return line into the liquid leg. The amount of the liquid entrained in the outlet gas stream is defined as the &quot;absolute liquid carry-over &quot; (LCO). The ratio of the LCO to the total amount of liquid at the GLCC inlet defines the separation efficiency of the GLCC, and is given as In order to develop a model for the entire GLCC system, it is necessary to analyze the different components of the separator: 1) the inclined inlet section and reducing area nozzle (inlet analysis), and 2) the upper GLCC with the AFE (separation analysis). Note that by analyzing only the upper GLCC section, the system behavior is well defined, as the flow into the lower part of the GLCC is the difference between the flows of the inlet and the upper GLCC part. Inlet Analysis This analysis addresses the two-phase flow behavior at the inlet section, as shown schematically in where E M is the maximum entrainment, W LFC is the critical film mass flow rate below which atomization does not occur , d is the droplet diameter and A 2 = 9 x 10 -8 . The exponent m is m=0 for Newton&apos;s law and m=1 for Stoke&apos;s law. Upward Liquid Flow Split: In this study is it assumed that the upward liquid flow split fraction is related to the entrainment fraction at the inlet. The total upward liquid flow split fraction, S l , is composed of two components, at given below It is assumed that the inlet entrainment fraction (E) is equal to S l1 . Therefore, Eq. 5 has been modified for relatively low superficial liquid velocity (0.11 m/s or less) in order to predict the upward liquid flow split for low pressure data. The modified correlation incorporates the gas to liquid viscosity ratio, the nozzle to inlet section full bore diameter ratio, and the inclination angle of the inlet, resulting in an equation for the upward liquid flow split, 1 l S , as follows: where A 3 = 2.2 x10 -5 , θ the inlet inclination angle, A P is the inclined inlet full bore area, and A N is the nozzle area. The area ratio is used to consider the multiphase acceleration that take place in the nozzle. For the relatively high superficial liquid velocity (greater than 0.11 m/s) the liquid carry-over fraction for low pressure data exhibits a minimum, as shown in Inlet Nozzle Analysis: The flow behavior at the inlet nozzle determines the hydrodynamic flow conditions of the two-phases entering the GLCC. The inlet nozzle plays a significant role in accelerating the upstream flow. A mechanistic model to determine liquid film and gas core velocities through the inlet nozzle was developed by , where δ is liquid film thickness. Thus, the core velocity is given by where, the entrainment fraction, E is calculated based on the Eq. 5. Thus, the tangential velocity of the gas at the GLCC entrance is determined as ( Liquid Tangential Velocity: The liquid tangential velocity is based on the liquid film velocity at the inlet ( l v ), as given by . . and the no-slip mixture density in the core, c ρ , is given by It may be noted that, for extremely small values of δ (E ≈ 1), there is no separately identified liquid film and hence, all the liquid is entrained in the gas core. For this case of dispersed droplet flow, no liquid or gas tangential velocities are calculated, and the tangential velocity of the core is determined by using Eq. 14 for E = 1. The tangential velocities entering the GLCC determine the droplet behavior at the upper part of the GLCC. Separation Analysis A schematic of the separation analysis in the upper part of the GLCC is shown in Gas Swirling Flow Characterization: The inlet nozzle analysis provides the gas and liquid tangential velocities. The gas upward swirling flow model can be used to predict the minimum droplet size being forced onto the GLCC wall and removed by the AFE. A concept to quantify the swirling decay along the upper part of the GLCC was suggested by Further more, for simplicity, a linear tangential velocity distribution is adopted and given for any radial location, r , by Droplet Trajectory: A schematic of droplet trajectory occurring in the upper part of the GLCC is shown in The expression for radial droplet slip velocity is simplified by considering the swirling decay factor, Ω(z), yielding: Similarly, by balancing the gravitational/buoyancy and drag forces axially, the droplet slip velocity in the axial direction, as per Stokes&apos; law, assuming laminar flow, is given as: The velocity used for the drag force calculation, v dd, is the resultant of the relative velocities of the droplet, and is given by ) ( ) ( Separation Efficiency The separation efficiency of the GLCC with AFE can be determined based on the droplet trajectory analysis presented in the previous section. The droplet size distribution used in this study was developed by Gomez (2002) based on the study presented by where D max and D min are the diameters of the largest droplet and smallest droplet, respectively. These diameters are determined based on the Weber number, and the continuous phase gas The minimum droplet diameter is determined from Eq. 29 using a Weber number of We = 8, while the maximum droplet size is calculated with a Weber number of We = 40. As the droplets formation strongly dependent on turbulence, a correlation was developed, as a function of the superficial gas velocity (which is the average gas velocity), to account for the effect of turbulence, as follow, The parameter ζ is given by: An illustration of the droplet size distribution is given in Finally, the separation efficiency can be determined by combining Eqs. 3 and 33, namely, .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents analysis and discussion of the acquired experimental data, and comparison between the predictions of the wet gas GLCC mechanistic model and the experimental data. Upward Liquid Flow Split -Comparison between Data and Model Predictions Low Pressure: The effect of the data uncertainty can be added to this analysis by comparing the separation efficiency values from the data and model, including the effect of data uncertainty and the effect of model uncertainty. The maximum data uncertainty was determined to be ±9.48 %. The model uncertainty can be determined by carrying out a sensitivity analysis for the model, by changing the liquid and gas flowrate and the pressure. The variation in the liquid flowrate, gas flowrate and pressure was estimated in 10%. CONCLUSIONS The following have been accomplished during this study on a novel wet gas GLCC: • A modified GLCC for wet gas applications, with an Annular Film Extractor (AFE), has been developed and tested. The AFE and the liquid return pipe enable the GLCC to be operated at high gas velocities (beyond the velocity for onset of annular/mist flow, ann v ) without liquid carry-over in the gas stream. • Detailed experimental investigations have been conducted for low pressure (water-air system) and high pressure (liquid-gas hydrocarbon system) to evaluate the performance of the modified GLCC in terms of operational envelope for liquid carry-over and liquid extraction by the AFE at high gas velocities. • The modified GLCC separation mechanism is the high centrifugal forces, generate by the high inlet gas velocity, pushing the liquid droplets to th