Mechanism of endocarp-imposed constraints of germination of Lannea microcarpa seeds

Lannea microcarpa, a multipurpose tree species from the dry African savanna, sheds seeds that often display inhibition of germination. The underlying mechanism was investigated using seeds processed from fully matured fruits collected from natural stands in Burkina Faso. Germination of fresh seeds was variable (16¿28%), while they did not germinate after drying and rehydration. Mechanical scarification of the endocarp at the proximal end of the seeds increased germination to 83¿94%. Scarification on the distal end led to delayed radicle emergence through the produced hole in c. 40% of the seeds. The endocarp was permeable to water and respiratory gases. Increased water content in scarified seeds was associated with radicle extension during germination. Intact and scarified non-germinated seeds displayed a moderate rate of respiration with respiratory quotient (RQ) values of c. 1. Respiration increased and RQ decreased to c. 0.7 with radicle emergence. Ethylene evolution peaked in both intact and scarified seeds at the beginning of incubation and then decreased to low values. Inhibition of ethylene production by 1¿5 mM 2-amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) caused only a partial decrease of germination of the scarified seeds. Intact non-germinated seeds gradually lost viability during incubation at 30°C, but could be rescued by delayed scarification before day 15 of incubation. It is concluded that radicle emergence in dry L. microcarpa seeds is inhibited only mechanically. The mechanical properties of the endocarp are attributed to irreversible structural changes of the lignin¿hemicellulose complex, which occur during drying

Some aspects of teaching language skills to students of non-linguistic specialities

The article analyses some approaches to teaching language skills to students of non-linguistic specialities, considers the ways of enhancing teaching strategies in the study process

Regional ecology Kursk region

Ecology implies the relationship of organisms, communities among themselves and with the environment. Russia has enough difficult situation with ecology, because Russia is one of the most polluted countries in the world. Economic situation exacerbates ecological one, and the severity of the prevailing negative trends is growing every day. Major rivers shallows, large amount of small rivers vanish; superficial water pollution, depletion and pollution of the groundwater, drinking water quality degradation, seas pollution, deforestation are big problems in the Russian Federation. Plowing up of turf-covered slopes, low quality agricultural methods cause accelerated soil erosion. Also there was a large degradation of the land resources in the recent years. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3606

Los estímulos de mayor frecuencia en la compra de los consumidores de Centroamérica

En el presente estudio se identificaron los estímulos de mayor frecuencia en la compra y se determinaron los patrones de consumo para los bienes de uso común y bienes duraderos de los consumidores de Centroamérica. Según el nivel de profundidad del estudio, la investigación fue comparativa, el diseño no experimental, y la población fue compuesta por los habitantes de los países de Centroamérica: Nicaragua, Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala y Costa Rica. Como estímulos de mayor frecuencia de compra de bienes básicos se pueden mencionar sus precios, seguido por la cercanía de los centros comerciales y lugares de compra de las casas de habitación. En el caso de los bienes duraderos, los estímulos se diferencian según las clases de productos, y entre los más frecuentes están el precio, los atributos de productos como sus funciones y la calidad, la marca (especialmente para los equipos tecnológicos) y el diseño (para las joyas, ropa, calzado y vehículos). Los patrones de consumo tanto de los bienes de uso común, como de los bienes duraderos, en su mayoría coinciden en los cinco países de Centroamérica, con ciertas diferencias en Costa Rica, relacionadas con una fuerte influencia cultural europea y estadounidense en el casco urbano, y en Guatemala, relacionada con un alto porcentaje de la población indígena, que ha logrado conservar muchos hábitos y tradiciones, y que deja su huella en los hábitos de consum

Development of labor law in the eu an d eaeu: how comparable?

As of 2015 Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and (since May 2015) Kyrgyzstan have entered  into the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) with the ambitious goal of ultimately transforming it into  a “Eurasian Union” with a deeper confederative structure in the future. Parallels between this  regional integration project and the European Union integration process are emerging. But there  are also marked differences between them. The article highlights those parallels and differences in  order to assess the general prospects for harmonizing labor law among the member states and to  clarify how much of the EU experience in the harmonization of labor law may be applicable to the  Eurasian integration project. The completely different roots and ways to harmonize the national  labor law systems within the EU and the EAEU are also discussed in the article. The authors claim  that the approaches to harmonizing labor law in the two regions are mirror images of each other.While the EU project attempts to provide at least a partial common legal framework for certain separate aspects of legal regulation of labor among the very diverse national labor  law  systems, the EAEU currently refuses even to address the harmonization of national labor laws.  However, the national labor law systems of EAEU member states are already much more  homogenous than in the EU. Therefore, labor law harmonization in the EAEU may develop as a  consequence of its economic integration and single market.

QUEST TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF FOREIGN STUDENTS AT THE LESSONS OF RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The relevance of the article is determined by the need to define effective and relevant ways of acquaintance of foreign students with the realities of the new social culture, which will subsequently have a beneficial effect on the learning outcome. The purpose of the article is to systematically present ways of working with quest technology in foreign language classes, which are aimed at increasing the level of socio-cultural adaptation of foreign speakers in the new language and cultural community. The methodology of the present study is civilizational and cultural approaches, the work uses a logical method (theoretical), the study of the experience of educational organizations and personal pedagogical experience at the University (empirical).The author came to the conclusion that the modern educational process of training at the preparatory Department of the University should be aimed not only at achieving the necessary level of linguistic training, but also at the gradual systematic immersion of foreigners in a new socio-cultural environment through language. One of the most popular technologies in pedagogy is the quest that includes both solving a problem task and independent search for information. Educational quest in a foreign language at pre-University stage of education is the most effective, because it can be used at any level of language training, it perfectly solves the problem of language education and formation of speech culture, socio-cultural adaptation of foreign students in the conditions of the new region and explore the national cultural realities that undoubtedly contributes to a better understanding of internal and external communications companies.