Preferences and levels of satisfaction in technical and tactical actions and in type of offense and defense utilized in competition by youth basketball players

The purposes of the present study are: a) to assess which technical and tactical actions of the game youth basketball players like to do in competition at different learning stages, b) to find out how much they like to play offense and defense, c) to assess the type of offense and defense that they prefer to execute, and d) to record the basic tactical team resources (BTTR) that are most requested by the youth player at different learning stages. The sample was composed of 989 youth basketball players who participate in the Spanish Basketball Federation leagues (60.1% from mini-basketball and 39.9% from the under-14 category). The results indicate that in competition: a) the action that players most like to execute is the shot, b) players prefer to be on offense than defense, c) the defensive game system that players most enjoy is man-on-man defense, d) players prefer pre-established offensive systems as opposed to open systems, and e) basic tactical team resources players most enjoy are give-and-go, clear-outs, and penetrate and dish. These data may serve as a reference when doing short-, medium-, and long-term planning. In any case, it is necessary for coaches to combine the preferences of the players with the actual needs of each learning stage

A reforma agrária, na cidade de CosamaloapanVeracruz (México), 1915-1945

La reforma agraria derivada de la revolución mexicana (1910) tuvo un papel fundamental en el desarrollo económico del país durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. La afectación de grandes propiedades para crear ejidos y dotar a los campesinos con tierra para el cultivo, presentó diversas facetas de tensión social y conflicto político que les hicieron distintivas en cada región y entidad federativa de México. Las hubo con el signo de asesinato de campesinos agraristas hasta regiones donde el proceso se dio con baja tensión y mínima violencia social. En el presente artículo explicamos cómo sucedió la reforma agraria en el municipio de Cosamaloapan perteneciente al estado de Veracruz. Espacio en el que la tensión agrarista fue en aumento a partir del deterioro de las condiciones económicas regionales que había mantenido, hasta los años veinte, un punto de equilibrio entre trabajador rural y empresa agrícola. Dos momentos son distintivos en nuestro estudio: el primero refiere a la etapa de restitución de tierras al pueblo de Cosamaloapan entre 1915 y 1920, caracterizado por la mínima tensión social; el segundo comprende la aplicación de la reforma agraria en su etapa de afectación a terratenientes y dotación ejidal a campesinos, la que no estuvo exenta de conflicto entre propietarios y campesinos, y temporalmente abarca de 1920 a 1945.The land reform in Mexico, resulting from the 1910 revolution, played a central role in the economic development of the country during the first half of the twentieth century. The involvement of large properties to create “ejidos” and provide small farmers with land for cultivation, exhibited various facets of social tension and political conflict, making these characteristics very distinctive in each region and Mexican federation entity. Murder of land farmers was the characteristic of some regions while other showed low signs of social tension and minimum violence. This paper explains how Land Reform occurred in the town of Cosamaloapan, Veracruz. In this municipality, the agrarian tension increased from the deterioration in regional economic conditions that, until the twenties, had kept the balance between farmers and agricultural companies. Two moments are distinctive in our study: first, the stage related to the restitution of land to the people of Cosamaloapan between 1915 and 1920, characterized by low social tension; the second moment is the implementation of Land Reform affecting landowners and the “ejidal” endowment to farmers accompanied by conflict between landowners and farmers from 1920 to 1945.A reforma agrária resultante da Revolução Mexicana (1910) desempenhou um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento econômico do país durante a primeira metade do século XX. O envolvimento de grandes propriedades para criar ejidos e fornecer pequenos agricultores com terra para o cultivo apresentou várias facetas da tensão social e conflito político que fez distinta em cada região do México estão entidade federal. O sinal foi o assassinato de camponeses agrário para regiões onde o processo estava em baixa tensão e baixa violência social. Neste artigo vamos explicar como a reforma agrária aconteceu na cidade de Cosamaloapan pertencente ao estado de Veracruz. Espaço em que a tensão agrária cresceu de deterioração das condições económicas regionais tinham permanecido até os vinte anos, um equilíbrio entre os trabalhadores rurais e da agricultura. Dois momentos são distintos em nosso estudo: a primeira refere-se à fase de restituição de terras para o povo de Cosamaloapan entre 1915 e 1920, caracterizadas por baixa tensão social; a segunda compreende a implementação da reforma agrária durante o seu envolvimento latifundiários e camponeses ejido envelope, o que não foi sem conflitos entre latifundiários e camponeses, e cobre temporariamente 1920-1945.&nbsp

A reforma agrária, na cidade de CosamaloapanVeracruz (México), 1915-1945

La reforma agraria derivada de la revolución mexicana (1910) tuvo un papel fundamental en el desarrollo económico del país durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. La afectación de grandes propiedades para crear ejidos y dotar a los campesinos con tierra para el cultivo, presentó diversas facetas de tensión social y conflicto político que les hicieron distintivas en cada región y entidad federativa de México. Las hubo con el signo de asesinato de campesinos agraristas hasta regiones donde el proceso se dio con baja tensión y mínima violencia social. En el presente artículo explicamos cómo sucedió la reforma agraria en el municipio de Cosamaloapan perteneciente al estado de Veracruz. Espacio en el que la tensión agrarista fue en aumento a partir del deterioro de las condiciones económicas regionales que había mantenido, hasta los años veinte, un punto de equilibrio entre trabajador rural y empresa agrícola. Dos momentos son distintivos en nuestro estudio: el primero refiere a la etapa de restitución de tierras al pueblo de Cosamaloapan entre 1915 y 1920, caracterizado por la mínima tensión social; el segundo comprende la aplicación de la reforma agraria en su etapa de afectación a terratenientes y dotación ejidal a campesinos, la que no estuvo exenta de conflicto entre propietarios y campesinos, y temporalmente abarca de 1920 a 1945.The land reform in Mexico, resulting from the 1910 revolution, played a central role in the economic development of the country during the first half of the twentieth century. The involvement of large properties to create “ejidos” and provide small farmers with land for cultivation, exhibited various facets of social tension and political conflict, making these characteristics very distinctive in each region and Mexican federation entity. Murder of land farmers was the characteristic of some regions while other showed low signs of social tension and minimum violence. This paper explains how Land Reform occurred in the town of Cosamaloapan, Veracruz. In this municipality, the agrarian tension increased from the deterioration in regional economic conditions that, until the twenties, had kept the balance between farmers and agricultural companies. Two moments are distinctive in our study: first, the stage related to the restitution of land to the people of Cosamaloapan between 1915 and 1920, characterized by low social tension; the second moment is the implementation of Land Reform affecting landowners and the “ejidal” endowment to farmers accompanied by conflict between landowners and farmers from 1920 to 1945.A reforma agrária resultante da Revolução Mexicana (1910) desempenhou um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento econômico do país durante a primeira metade do século XX. O envolvimento de grandes propriedades para criar ejidos e fornecer pequenos agricultores com terra para o cultivo apresentou várias facetas da tensão social e conflito político que fez distinta em cada região do México estão entidade federal. O sinal foi o assassinato de camponeses agrário para regiões onde o processo estava em baixa tensão e baixa violência social. Neste artigo vamos explicar como a reforma agrária aconteceu na cidade de Cosamaloapan pertencente ao estado de Veracruz. Espaço em que a tensão agrária cresceu de deterioração das condições económicas regionais tinham permanecido até os vinte anos, um equilíbrio entre os trabalhadores rurais e da agricultura. Dois momentos são distintos em nosso estudo: a primeira refere-se à fase de restituição de terras para o povo de Cosamaloapan entre 1915 e 1920, caracterizadas por baixa tensão social; a segunda compreende a implementação da reforma agrária durante o seu envolvimento latifundiários e camponeses ejido envelope, o que não foi sem conflitos entre latifundiários e camponeses, e cobre temporariamente 1920-1945.&nbsp

Chondrogenic Potential of Subpopulations of Cells Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Markers Derived from Human Synovial Membranes

[Abstract] In this study we analyzed the chondrogenic potential of subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human synovial membranes enriched for CD73, CD106, and CD271 markers. Subpopulations of human synovial membrane MSCs enriched for CD73, CD106, and CD271 markers were isolated using a cytometry sorter and characterized by flow cytometry for MSC markers. The expression of Sox9, Nanog, and Runx2 genes by these cells was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The chondrogenesis of each subpopulation was assessed by culturing the cells in a defined medium to produce spontaneous spheroid formation and differentiation towards chondrocyte-like cells. The examination of the spheroids by histological and immunohistochemical analyses for collagen type II (COL2), aggrecan, collagen type I (COL1), metalloprotease 13 (MMP13), and collagen type X (COLX) levels were performed to assess their chondrogenesis capacity. The adipogenesis and osteogenesis potential of each subpopulation was determined using commercial media; the resulting cells were stained with oil red O or red alizarin to test the degree of differentiation. The subpopulations had different profiles of cells positive for the MSC markers CD44, CD69, CD73, CD90, and CD105 and showed different expression levels of the genes Sox9, Nanog, and Runx2 involved in chondrogenesis, undifferentiation, and osteoblastogenesis, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that COL1, COL2, COLX, MMP13, and aggrecan were expressed in the spheroids as soon as 14 days of culture. The CD271+ subpopulation expressed the highest levels of COL2 staining compared to the other subpopulations. CD105 and Runx2 were shown by immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis to have significantly higher expression CD271+ subpopulation than the other subpopulations. Spheroids formed from CD271-enriched and CD73-enriched MSCs from normal human synovial membranes mimic the native cartilage extracellular matrix more closely than CD106+ MSCs and are possible candidates for use in cartilage tissue engineering. Both cell types have potential for promoting the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes, presenting new possibilities for achieving intrinsic cartilage repair.Servizo Galego de Saúde; PS07/86Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CIBER BBN CB06-01-0040Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PI-08/202

Differentiation of Synovial CD-105+ Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Chondrocyte-like Cells through Spheroid Formation

[Abstract] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into several cell lineages, some of which can generate bone, cartilage, or adipose tissue. The presence of MSCs in the synovial membrane was recently reported. Data from comparative studies of MSCs derived from various mesenchymal tissues suggest that MSCs from synovial membranes have a superior chondrogenesis capacity. Previous chondrogenic differentiation studies have used the total population of MSCs, including cells with several MSC markers, such as CD44, CD90, CD105, or CD73. However the chondrogenic capacity of an individual population of MSCs has not been examined. Our aim was to study the chondrogenic capacity of the cellular MSC subset, CD105+, derived from synovial membrane tissues of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and normal donors. The tissues were digested with a cocktail of collagenase/dispase and the isolated MSCs were seeded into plates. The subpopulation of CD105+-MSCs was separated using a magnetic separator. The MSCs were then differentiated towards chondrocyte-like cells using a specific medium to promote spheroid formation. Spheroids were collected after 14, 28, and 46 days in chondrogenic medium and stained with hematoxylin, eosin, Safranin O or Alcian blue to evaluate the extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study collagen types I (COLI) and II (COLII) and aggrecan expression. Phenotypic characterization of the isolated CD105+-MSCs shows that these cells are also positive for CD90 and CD44, but negatives for CD34 and CD45. In addition, this cellular subset expressed Sox-9. Spheroids appeared after 7 days in culture in the presence of chondrogenic medium. Our studies show no differences between MSCs obtained from OA and normal synovial membranes during chondrogenesis. The morphological analysis of spheroids revealed characteristics typical of chondrocyte cells. The intensity of Safranin O, Alcian blue and aggrecan staining was positive and constant throughout the culture period. However, the intensity of COL2 staining was higher at 28 days (84.29 ± 0.1 U) than at 46 days (61.28 ± 01 U), while COL1 staining was not detected in any samples analyzed. These results were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. We conclude that the cellular subset of CD105+-MSCs has chondrogenic capacity. The study also show the similar chondrogenic capacity of CD105+-MSCs cultured from normal and OA synovial membranes. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 145–155, 2009.Servizo Galego de Saúde; PS07/8

Umbilical Cord as a Mesenchymal Stem Cell Source for Treating Joint Pathologies

[Abstract] Articular cartilage disorders and injuries often result in life-long chronic pain and compromised quality of life. Regrettably, the regeneration of articular cartilage is a continuing challenge for biomedical research. One of the most promising therapeutic approaches is cell-based tissue engineering, which provides a healthy population of cells to the injured site but requires differentiated chondrocytes from an uninjured site. The use of healthy chondrocytes has been found to have limitations. A promising alternative cell population is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known to possess excellent proliferation potential and proven capability for differentiation into chondrocytes. The “immunosuppressive” property of human MSCs makes them an important candidate for allogeneic cell therapy. The use of allogeneic MSCs to repair large defects may prove to be an alternative to current autologous and allogeneic tissue-grafting procedures. An allogeneic cell-based approach would enable MSCs to be isolated from any donor, expanded and cryopreserved in allogeneic MSC banks, providing a readily available source of progenitors for cell replacement therapy. These possibilities have spawned the current exponential growth in stem cell research in pharmaceutical and biotechnology communities. Our objective in this review is to summarize the knowledge about MSCs from umbilical cord stroma and focus mainly on their applications for joint pathologies.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; PLE2009-0144Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CB06-01-004

A multiobjective optimization issue: genetic control planning or trajectories.

Part of a research project on cooperative marine robotics is the scenario of a submarine rendez-vous. This paper considers this case, where a high-manoeuvrability AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle) should meet a submarine platform for energy, samples and data service. Since the AUV is equipped with a set of thrusters, the problem of an adequate command of the thrusters appears. Given initial and final points for the AUV underwater trajectory, the question is to determine the set of forces and times to be exerted by the thrusters to get an adequate trajectory. Several constraints and simultaneous objectives to be optimized must be considered. Given the complexity of the multi-objective optimisation problem, it seems opportune to use Genetic Algorithms. The paper describes the problem to be solved, then explains how the GA were applied, and presents results for a set of cases considered, including obstacle avoidance

5-HT2 receptor binding, functional activity and selectivity in N-benzyltryptamines

The last fifteen years have seen the emergence and overflow into the drug scene of “superpotent” N-benzylated phenethylamines belonging to the “NBOMe” series, accompanied by numerous research articles. Although N-benzyl substitution of 5-methoxytryptamine is known to increase its affinity and potency at 5-HT2 receptors associated with psychedelic activity, N-benzylated tryptamines have been studied much less than their phenethylamine analogs. To further our knowledge of the activity of N-benzyltryptamines, we have synthesized a family of tryptamine derivatives and, for comparison, a few 5-methoxytryptamine analogs with many different substitution patterns on the benzyl moiety, and subjected them to in vitro affinity and functional activity assays vs. the human 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. In the binding (radioligand displacement) studies some of these compounds exhibited only modest selectivity for either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors suggesting that a few of them, with affinities in the 10–100 nanomolar range for 5-HT2A receptors, might presumably be psychedelic. Unexpectedly, their functional (calcium mobilization) assays reflected very different trends. All of these compounds proved to be 5-HT2C receptor full agonists while most of them showed low efficacy at the 5-HT2A subtype. Furthermore, several showed moderateto-strong preferences for activation of the 5-HT2C subtype at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, although some N-benzyltryptamines might be abuse-liable, others might represent new leads for the development of therapeutics for weight loss, erectile dysfunction, drug abuse, or schizophreniaThis work was supported by FONDECYT (Chile) regular research grants 1110146 and 1150868 to BKC and CONICYT doctoral grant 21140358 to MT-SS

Formation of soy protein-based superabsorbent materials through optimization of a thermal processing

Superabsorbent materials are used in a wide range of products (e.g. personal care, controlled-release of nutrients in agriculture). The present study pretends the development of biodegradable materials from a natural source, a soy protein isolate, which eventually would help to diminish the environmental issues associated to the use of common synthetic materials. Moreover, the present work focuses on the modulation of the water uptake exclusively through the modification of the parameters of the thermal processes carried out during the development of those materials. Firstly, the protein isolate is blended with the plasticizer (glycerol) in a 1/1 ratio. Then, the homogeneous blend is injected using different mould temperatures and, subsequently, the bioplastics obtained are submitted to a dehydrothermal treatment (tdeshid) consisting on the storage of the samples at 50 ºC for a certain time (tdeshid). When the mould temperature is 70 ºC, superabsorbent materials are always obtained at tdeshid, shorter than 12 h. Conversely, viscoelastic properties increase as DHT treatment is longer, reducing the swelling that takes place during water absorption, and resulting more compact matrices. Thus, the present study proves how thermal processing modulation can solely determine the superabsorbent ability of soy protein-based biodegradable materials.Los materiales superabsorbentes son aplicables en campos tan diversos como productos de higiene personal o liberación controlada de nutrientes en agricultura. El presente estudio pretende el desarrollo de materiales biodegradables a partir de una materia prima natural, un aislado de proteína de soja, cuya aplicación supondría una disminución en el uso de materiales sintéticos, repercutiendo beneficiosamente en el medio ambiente; y la modulación de su capacidad de absorción de agua, que se modificará exclusivamente variando las condiciones de los procesos térmicos a los que son sometidas durante su obtención. En primer lugar, el aislado se mezcla con glicerina (plastificante)en una proporción 1/1, para después inyectar la masa homogénea utilizando diferentes temperaturas de moldeo (Tmold). Posteriormente, son sometidas a un tratamiento deshidrotérmico. o almacenamiento a 50ºC, durante cierto periodo de tiempo (tdeshid). Cuando la Tmold utilizada es 70ºC, se obtienen siempre materiales superabsorbentes, cuando el tdeshid seleccionado sea menos de 12h. Por otra parte, las propiedades viscoelásticas aumentan con la duración del tratamiento deshidrotérmico, provocando un menor hinchamiento durante la absorción de agua, resultando matrices menos porosas. Así, el presente estudio permite comprobar cómo modulando exclusivamente las condiciones de procesado pueden conseguirse capacidades superabsorbentes para materiales biodegradables basados en soja.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España-CTQ2015-71164-