Valoración como fuente de energía mediante carbonización hidrotérmica del racimo de fruta vacía y lodos de proceso provenientes de la extracción de aceite de palma

El raquis de palma de aceite y los lodos de proceso son residuos orgánicos en gran volumen de difícil manejo, generados durante el proceso de extracción del aceite de palma. La carbonización hidrotérmica siendo una tecnología termoquímica, es empleado en el tratamiento de los residuos orgánicos antes mencionados para la obtención hidrocarbón. Se realizó el proceso en dos etapas: primero estableciendo la mejor mezcla de raquis-lodo-catalizador y segundo ensayando variando las condiciones operacionales del reactor con el objeto de conseguir una región de operación. Se probaron dos catalizadores (ácido acético e Hidróxido de Sodio), escogiendo el Hidróxido de Sodio por dar mejores resultados en Rendimiento, Poder Calorífico y Nivel de Energía. La mezcla óptima encontrada fue de 11 gramos de raquis, 85 gramos de lodo y 4 gramos de catalizador NaOH y la región de operación se estableció en 200°C – 225°C de temperatura, 60 – 90 minutos de tiempo de proceso y agitación fijada en 1000 rpm. Se encontró diferencias significativas en el contenido de Carbón Fijo del hidrocarbón obtenido, se observaron incrementos de hasta el 54.97% con respecto al Carbón Fijo inicial del raquis crudo, obteniéndose valores entre 21 – 26% de Carbón Fijo y valores de Poder Calorífico Superior de 17200 – 19300 KJ/kg, evidenciando la fijación del carbono y densificación de la energía en un hidrocarbón. Los mayores niveles de Energía obtenidos fueron de 252 – 255 KJ y las ganancias de energía en comparación con el raquis crudo fueron de 16KJ en promedio por cada 0,11kg de raquis procesado.MaestríaMagister en Ingeniería Mecánic

Estimación de factores de emisión utilizando el modelo Mobile 6.2 y su aplicación en el cálculo de emisiones de fuentes móviles de la ciudad de Santa Marta

Se han determinado los factores de emisión de los contaminantes criterio Monóxido de Carbono (CO), Dióxidos de Nitrógeno (NOx) e Hidrocarburos no quemados (HC) originados por las fuentes móviles de carretera en la ciudad de Santa Marta para el año 2006, utilizando el programa MOBILE6.2 desarrollado por la EPA. Teniendo en cuenta que el Distrito de Santa Marta es una región turística y, por ende, la flota vehicular presenta variaciones, se efectuó un aforo vehicular en dos épocas distintas del año: Semana Temporada Baja (STB) y Semana Temporada Alta (STA), realizándolos en un lapso de 12 horas diarias, de lunes a domingo. La información recolectada en el aforo y los factores de emisión arrojados por el MOBILE 6.2, fue la base para el cálculo de la estimación de las emisiones atmosféricas producidas por el parque automotor de los contaminantes analizados en la zona de estudio para el año 2007. Las comparaciones entre los periodos STB y STA evidenciaron diferencias, en la Semana Temporada Alta se registraron las mayores concentraciones de contaminantes como el CO y NOx. Las emisiones calculadas se comparan con los resultados obtenidos de otros estudios, con el fin de verificar que los datos modelados en este proyecto sean lo más real posible

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Interacciones tóxicas entre contaminantes ambientales y el hombre

Contextualización: Los contaminantes tóxicos pueden provenir de fuentes de origen natural o antropogénica, distribuyéndose por los compartimientos ambientales agua, suelo y aire; siguiendo lo que se conoce como la ruta del tóxico e ingresan a los organismos a través de las vías de exposición. Información relevante: Los contaminantes tóxicos de origen antropogénico, se conocen como xenobióticos, los cuales pueden interactuar con el ambiente y el hombre, bioacumulándose en los organismos y biomagnificándose en la cadena trófica, lo cual dependerá de las características del tóxico. Cuando los xenobióticos entran en contacto con el organismo, se efectúa el mecanismo de adsorción, distribución, metabolismo y excreción (ADME), afectando diferentes órganos en su paso, dando lugar a los procesos de toxicocinética y toxicodinamia. Entre los xenobióticos existentes, se pueden resaltar el material particulado, los metales pesados, compuestos orgánicos volátiles, los hidrocarburos, plaguicidas, bifenilos policlorados y las dioxinas y furanos; ocasionando diferentes impactos al ambiente y a la salud de las personas, lo cual depende de la concentración, tiempo de exposición y naturaleza química de cada uno. Propósito de la nota de campus: El documento busca entregar conceptos básicos entorno a la interacción de los contaminantes tóxicos para comprender cómo los xenobióticos se comportan en el ambiente y dentro de los organismos vivos, constituyéndose en una herramienta necesaria en el estudio de la toxicidad de las sustancias. Metodología: En este documento, se expondrán conceptos sobre la forma en que sucede la interacción de los xenobióticos en el ambiente y en el ser humano y se destaca algunas sustancias tóxicas comunes indicando la fuente de generación, su comportamiento y efectos negativos. Cursos de formación: 358027 Toxicología Ambiental; 358009 Epidemiología Ambiental; 358006 Biología Ambiental. Conclusiones: El conocer cómo ocurren las interacciones de los xenobióticos, su mecanismo de transporte, cómo ingresan a los organismos, las fuentes que los originan, su naturaleza fisicoquímica y cómo se comportan, puede ayudar a prevenir, controlar, mitigar o compensar los impactos negativos que dichas sustancias ocasionan a la salud de las personas y a los ecosistemas

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study (Intensive Care Medicine, (2021), 47, 2, (160-169), 10.1007/s00134-020-06234-9)

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The members of the ESICM Trials Group Collaborators were not shown in the article but only in the ESM. The full list of collaborators is shown below. The original article has been corrected