Volumen de trabajo del entrenado de la Maestría FETP Clase 2001-2003

Contiene las investigaciones realizadas en el programa de Epidemiología de Campo FETP II. Entre los temas de investigación realizados se encuentran: brotes e investigaciones, vigilancia epidemiológica, encuesta, entre otros

The VEX-93 environment as a hybrid tool for developing knowledge systems with different problem solving techniques

The paper describes VEX-93 as a hybrid environment for developing knowledge-based and problem solver systems. It integrates methods and techniques from artificial intelligence, image and signal processing and data analysis, which can be mixed. Two hierarchical levels of reasoning contains an intelligent toolbox with one upper strategic inference engine and four lower ones containing specific reasoning models: truth-functional (rule-based), probabilistic (causal networks), fuzzy (rule-based) and case-based (frames). There are image/signal processing-analysis capabilities in the form of programming languages with more than one hundred primitive functions. User-made programs are embeddable within knowledge basis, allowing the combination of perception and reasoning. The data analyzer toolbox contains a collection of numerical classification, pattern recognition and ordination methods, with neural network tools and a data base query language at inference engines's disposal. VEX-93 is an open system able to communicate with external computer programs relevant to a particular application. Metaknowledge can be used for elaborate conclusions, and man-machine interaction includes, besides windows and graphical interfaces, acceptance of voice commands and production of speech output. The system was conceived for real-world applications in general domains, but an example of a concrete medical diagnostic support system at present under completion as a cuban-spanish project is mentioned. Present version of VEX-93 is a huge system composed by about one and half millions of lines of C code and runs in microcomputers under Windows 3.1.Postprint (published version

An Estimation of the Mexican Peso´s Overvaluation for 2023

Estimamos la sobrevaluación del peso mexicano para el segundo trimestre y junio de 2023. El tipo de cambio real de equilibrio se aproxima reestimando una ecuación de cointegración donde la variable de interés depende del PIB de México, el Índice de Producción Industrial de EE. UU., la suma del consumo privado, el consumo y las exportaciones del gobierno de México y la inversión fija privada de EE. UU. Usamos estas variables para aproximar la oferta y la demanda relativas de los dos países. Bajo ciertos supuestos, estimamos que el peso mexicano se encuentra sobrevaluado en 13.7% y 15.3% en el segundo trimestre y en junio de 2023, con información disponible a mediados de julio del mismo año. Proporcionamos una estimación del tipo de cambio nominal compatible con la eliminación del desajuste cambiario, si esta variable fuera la única que se ajusta.We estimate the overvaluation of the Mexican peso for the second quarter and June 2023. The equilibrium real exchange rate is approximated by reestimating a cointegration equation where the variable of interest depends on Mexico's GDP, the US Industrial Production Index, the sum of private consumption, the government consumption and exports of Mexico, and US private fixed investment. We use these variables to approximate the relative supply and demand of the two countries. Under certain assumptions, we estimate that the Mexican peso is overvalued by 13.7% and 15.3% in the second quarter and in June 2023, respectively, with information available as of mid-July of the same year. We provide an estimate of the nominal exchange rate compatible with the elimination of the exchange rate misalignment, if this variable were the only one that adjusts

Aplicación de un libro electrónico en clases de inglés en la carrera de enfermería

Se elaboró un libro electrónico para el estudio del pasado simple en idioma Inglés para ser utilizado en la carrera de enfermería en primer y segundo año con el objetivo de elevar el nivel de asimilación de las habilidades comunicativas relacionadas con este tiempo gramatical, facilitar la auto preparación en el idioma en relación con el uso del mismo y adquirir habilidades en cuanto al uso de páginas Web. Esta Guía para el estudio del pasado simple puede ser utilizada también en cursos de postgrados de inglés general para licenciados en enfermería y otros profesionales de la salud. Se aplicó una encuesta a los estudiantes del primer y segundo año de licenciatura en enfermería del curso académico 2006 – 2007 y a profesores de inglés, también se realizó una pregunta escrita antes y después del uso del libro electrónico para comprobar la efectividad de su utilización

P2X7 receptor induces mitochondrial failure in monocytes and compromises NLRP3 inflammasome activation during sepsis

International audienceSepsis is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response followed by immunosuppres-sion of the host. Metabolic defects and mitochondrial failure are common in immunocom-promised patients with sepsis. The NLRP3 inflammasome is important for establishing an inflammatory response after activation by the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Here, we study a cohort of individuals with intra-abdominal origin sepsis and show that patient monocytes have impaired NLRP3 activation by the P2X7 receptor. Furthermore, most sepsis-related deaths are among patients whose NLRP3 activation is profoundly altered. In monocytes from sepsis patients, the P2X7 receptor is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, activation of the P2X7 receptor results in mitochondrial damage, which in turn inhibits NLRP3 activation by HIF-1α. We show that mortality increases in a mouse model of sepsis when the P2X7 receptor is activated in vivo. These data reveal a molecular mechanism initiated by the P2X7 receptor that contributes to NLRP3 impairment during infection

Purinergic P2X7 receptor expression increases in leukocytes from intra-abdominal septic patients

Inflammation is a tightly coordinated response of the host immune system to bacterial and viral infections, triggered by the production of inflammatory cytokines. Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response followed by immunosuppression of the host and organ dysfunction. This imbalance of the immune response increases the risk of mortality of patients with sepsis, making it a major problem for critical care units worldwide. The P2X7 receptor plays a crucial role in activating the immune system by inducing the activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this study, we analyzed a cohort of abdominal origin septic patients and found that the expression of the P2X7 receptor in the plasma membrane is elevated in the different subsets of lymphocytes. We observed a direct relationship between the percentage of P2X7-expressing lymphocytes and the early inflammatory response in sepsis. Additionally, in patients whose lymphocytes presented a higher percentage of P2X7 surface expression, the total lymphocytes populations proportionally decreased. Furthermore, we found a correlation between elevated soluble P2X7 receptors in plasma and inflammasome-dependent cytokine IL-18. In summary, our work demonstrates that P2X7 expression is highly induced in lymphocytes during sepsis, and this correlates with IL-18, along with other inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-8, and procalcitonin

Nanocolumnar coatings on implants exhibiting antibacterial properties

Trabajo presentado en la 2nd International Conference on Nanomaterials Applied to Life Sciences 2020 (NALS 2020), celebrada en Madrid (España), del 29 al 31 de enero de 2020Addressing the problem of infection from the very first stage, i.e. inhibiting the formation of the bacterial biofilm, is a crucial step to prevent implant rejection. Nanocolumnar coatings exhibiting antibacterial properties have been fabricated by oblique deposition with magnetron sputtering [1]. The formation of nanocolumns (Fig.1) is the result of the effects of atomic shadowing when the atoms reach the surface along an inclined direction [2]. This technique is environmentally friendly: it is carried out at RT and does not involve chemical products (no recycling problems). Such methodology have been tested in a semiindustrial scale reactor, successfully coating in a single step the two sides of fixation plates for bone fractures [3]. Several in vitro experiments have been performed: analysis of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, analysis of osteoblast proliferation and mitochondrial activity, and osteoblasts–bacteria competitive growth scenarios, the latter also named “Race for the Surface” competition. In all these cases, the coatings show an opposite behavior toward osteoblast and bacterial proliferation [1,3]. Moreover, they are effective against Gram positive (S. aureus) and Gram negative (E. coli) bacteria [4]. Finally, when a synergic route is followed and the coatings are functionalized with Te nanorods, the antibacterial properties are enhanced, since Te adds contact-killing (Fig. 2), i.e. bactericidal effect, whilst the biocompatibility is preserved [4].MINECO and Fundación Domingo Martínez for funding. J.M.G.-M. thanks the Fulbright Commissio

LIF regulates CXCL9 in tumor-associated macrophages and prevents CD8+ T cell tumor-infiltration impairing anti-PD1 therapy

Càncer; Macròfags associats al tumor: LIF; CD8Cáncer; Macrófagos asociados al tumor; CD8Cancer; Tumor-associated macrophages; CD8Cancer response to immunotherapy depends on the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and the presence of tumor-associated macrophages within tumors. Still, little is known about the determinants of these factors. We show that LIF assumes a crucial role in the regulation of CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration, while promoting the presence of protumoral tumor-associated macrophages. We observe that the blockade of LIF in tumors expressing high levels of LIF decreases CD206, CD163 and CCL2 and induces CXCL9 expression in tumor-associated macrophages. The blockade of LIF releases the epigenetic silencing of CXCL9 triggering CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration. The combination of LIF neutralizing antibodies with the inhibition of the PD1 immune checkpoint promotes tumor regression, immunological memory and an increase in overall survival

Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography

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