Neuroinflammation causes changes to the nodes of Ranvier in Multiple Sclerosis normal-appearing white matter.

Background: In addition to the focal demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS), both imaging and neuropathological analyses have demonstrated the presence of a more diffuse pathology in both the white and grey matter, including changes to the structure of nodes of Ranvier in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM). Objective: We have examined the expression of the paranodal axonal protein Caspr1, the voltage-gated channels Nav and Kv1.2 at nodes and juxtaparanodes respectively, and SMI32+ (dephosphorylated neurofilament) axons in NAWM areas from post-mortem progressive MS brains compared to controls. This axo-geometrical data on nodal changes was then integrated into a computational model of an axon developed with NEURON. To test our hypothesis, rats were injected into the cerebral subarachnoid space with lentiviral vectors for lymphotoxin-α and interferon-γ, and structural changes were examined 3 months later. Furthermore, a cerebellar tissue culture model was used to induce nodal pathology by the activation of microglia with TNF, interferon-γ, conditioned microglial medium and glutamate administration. Results: The paranodal domain in MS NAWM tissue was longer on average than in control and Kv1.2 channels appeared dislocated towards the paranode. These changes were associated with stressed axons and activation of microglia. When these changes were inserted into the computational model, a rapid decrease in velocity was observed as the paranodal peri-axonal space was increased, reaching conduction failure when the axons were less than 1mm of diameter. The same structural changes were observed in the corpus callosum of our rat model and were associated with microglia/astrocyte activation. TNF, interferon-γ, conditioned microglial medium and glutamate also generated paranodal elongation in the cerebellar cultures axons and was reversed/halted by an NMDA blocker. Conclusion: Microglia activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines may release high levels of glutamate, which triggers paranodal pathology in MS NAWM, contributing to axonal damage and subsequent conduction deficits.Open Acces

Un día para hablar de nosotras

El artículo cuenta con la colaboración de Ángeles Santos Alfonso, Gemma Flores Pons, Isabel Díez Leiva y Leticia Toledo Martín.La economía feminista se construye en el día a día, sin recetas, a base de convicciones, sensaciones, experiencias y reflexiones, desde cualquier ámbito de la vida. Para acercarnos a esta construcción desde lo rural, desde la agroecología y la soberanía alimentaria, propiciamos un encuentro entre cuatro mujeres que desde diferentes actividades y territorios, aportan y tejen esta red. Reproducimos una parte de lo mucho que se habló

¿Competimos o nos autocertificamos? Los resultados en cascada de los Sistemas Participativos de Garantía (SPG)

Había una vez un mundo en el que se cultivaban los alimentos y otro en el que se consumían. Para explicar al segundo las formas de producción era necesario mandar la información en cohetes, hasta que algunos habitantes de un mundo y de otro empezaron a juntarse, a hablar y a organizarse

Mediación y geometría dinámica: una alternativa para involucrar a los estudiantes en la actividad demostrativa en geometría

En este taller se presenta parte de una secuencia didáctica con la que se pretende favorecer la actividad demostrativa en una clase de geometría de grado octavo. Tal secuencia, fue diseñada con base a ejemplificar cómo podría ser el rol del profesor cunado emplea artefactos bajo la Teoría la Mediación Semiótica propuesta por Mariotti (2009). En este caso el artefacto empleado es Geogebra, un sofware de geometría dinámica (SGD). La secuencia hace parte de mi trabajo de grado para optar por el título de maestría en Docencia de las Matemáticas y lo que se pretende abordar en el Taller es resultado parcial del mismo

Teach and learn about the nature of science through the analysis of history controversies: results and conclusions of a didactic research project

Este escrito presenta una reseña del libro escrito por los investigadores José Antonio Acevedo-Díaz, Antonio García-Carmona y María del Mar Aragón-Méndez, titulado Enseñar y aprender sobre naturaleza de la ciencia mediante el análisis de controversias de historia.This article presents a review of the book written by the researchers José Antonio Acevedo-Díaz, Antonio García-Carmona and María del Mar Aragón-Méndez, entitled Teach and learn about the nature of science through the analysis of history controversies

Reinventar el comercio justo en clave de Soberanía Alimentaria

Ante la habitual tendencia que el sistema capitalista, en el que nuestra sociedad está inmersa, se apropie de las alternativas que surgen para hacerle frente, alterando la mayor parte de las veces su sentido original, hemos considerado adecuado poner a prueba el movimiento del Comercio Justo y además preguntarnos si puede, con sus imperfecciones, ser de utilidad en la construcción de Soberanía Alimentaria

Corpus Use and Learning to Translate, almost 20 years on

It is almost 20 years since a series of conferences known as CULT (Corpus Use and Learning to Translate) started. The first and second took place in Bertinoro, Italy, back in 1997 and 2000, respectively. The third was held in 2004 in Barcelona, and the fourth in 2015 in Alicante. Each was organized by a few enthusiastic lecturers and scholars who also happened to be corpus lovers. Guy Aston, Silvia Bernardini, Dominic Stewart and Federico Zanettin, from the Universitá di Bologna; Allison Beeby, Patricia Rodríguez-Inés and Pilar Sánchez-Gijón, from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; and Daniel Gallego-Hernández, from the Universidad de Alicante, organized CULT conferences in the belief that spreading the word about the usefulness of corpora for teaching and professional translation purposes would have positive results

HE WHO LOSES HIS LANGUAGE LOSES HIS LAW: THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN IBERIA

One of the most striking developments in the history of medieval and early modern Iberia is that of its linguistic transformation from being a predominantly Romance speaking community to being thoroughly monolingual in Arabic in most territories under Islamic rule, only to become again an almost exclusively Romance speaking society after the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. This linguistic development can be arguably related to the political and social transformations due, in the first place, to the Islamic conquest and rule of most of the Iberia peninsula for a period of eight centuries and, second, to the subsequent belligerent reaction of the Christian Kingdoms of the North that ended up in the defeat and disappearance of the last Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492, followed by the expulsion in 1609 of the last Muslims (Moriscos) of the Iberian peninsula many of whom were still speakers of the Arabic language. The association of Arabic with Islam and that of Romance with Christianity was a prevalent notion among both Christians and Muslims but it led to different linguistic policies and linguistic attitudes in the Iberia ruled by Muslims and in the Iberia ruled by Christians. In this article we intend to do a comparative study of the linguistic attitudes and policies towards the language of the religious “other” or religious “enemy” in two different specific periods: First, in al-Andalus, from the eleventh century onwards, at the time that Arabic was the dominant language and when religious diversity was on the verge of extinction after the strict rule of the Almohad dynasty. Second, in 16th century Christian Spain, at the time that Castilian Romance was being standardized and the dominant language of the country and when the only traces of religious diversity, that is, the Morisco community, were harshly repressed and on the eve of being expelled from the country. In both cases, the religious minority under duress was identified with a powerful external threat: the Christians of the North, in the first case, and external Islam (Ottoman Empire and North Africa), in the second. Furthermore, those minorities are representative of the religious enemy within the framework of confrontation between Islam and Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula. The comparison will be articulated through two main enquiries: First, the enquiry into the degree of knowledge of the language of the religious other/enemy and, more specifically, the awareness and interpretation of the two existing diglossias: Classical Arabic/Andalusi Arabic in the case of Muslims and Romance/Latin in the case of Christians. Second, we will address our enquiry into the linguistic policies (whether overt or surreptitious) and linguistic attitudes towards the language of the religious other as reflected in contemporary literature