Profile new army officer to a possible post-conflict

De acuerdo a lo manifestado por el actual gobierno Colombiano es importante destacar los cambios que se avecinan ante la eminente firma de la paz y así dejar por terminado más de sesenta años de hostilidades donde se ha derramado mucha sangre; la pregunta que nos atañe es como esa circunstancia histórica va a cambiar la estructura de la FFMM mas en la cabeza de ellas que es el Ejército Nacional.According to the statement by the current Colombian government is important to note the changes coming to the imminent signing of the peace and to leave terminate more than sixty years of hostilities that have shed blood; the question that concerns us is like that historical circumstance will change the structure of the Armed Forces over the head of which is the Army

Transcriptomics data integration reveals Jak-STAT as a common pathway affected by pathogenic intracellular bacteria in natural reservoir hosts

The study of the host-pathogen interface in natural reservoir hosts is essential to identify host-cell mechanisms affected by bacterial infection and persistence. Herein we used the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) to integrate transcriptomics data and find common host-cell biological processes, molecular functions and pathways affected by pathogenic intracellular bacteria of the genera Anaplasma, Brucella and Mycobacterium during infection and persistence in two natural reservoir hosts, wild boar and sheep. The results showed that the upregulation of host innate immune pro-inflammatory genes and signaling pathways constitutes a general antibacterial mechanism in response to intracellular bacteria. Pathway focused analysis revealed a role for the Jak-STAT pathway during bacterial intracellular infection, a fact reported before in Mycobacterium infected cells but not during Brucella spp. and A. phagocytophilum infection. A clear activation of the Jak-STAT pathway was observed in A. phagocytophilum infected wild boar and sheep when compared to uninfected controls. Brucella spp. infection resulted in a balanced regulation of the Jak-STAT signaling and M. bovis infection of wild boar clearly produced a downregulation of some of the Jak-STAT effectors such as IL5 and TKY2. These results suggested that mycobacteria and brucellae induce host innate immune responses while manipulating adaptive immunity to circumvent host-cell defenses and establish infection. In contrast, A. phagocytophilum infection induces both innate and adaptive immunity, those suggesting that this pathogen uses other mechanisms to circumvent host-cell defenses by downregulating other adaptive immune genes and delaying the apoptotic death of neutrophils through activation of the Jak-STAT pathway among other mechanisms.This research was supported by the Grupo Santander and Fundación Marcelino Botín, Spain (project Control of Tuberculosis in Wildlife) and the EU FP7, ANTIGONE project number 278976. R.C. Galindo was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia y Educación (MEC), Spain.Peer Reviewe

Producción y comercialización de artículos de cuero en la asociación san francisco. Estrategias para mejorar la productividad y competitividad.

1. Evaluar los procesos de producción y comercialización de los artículos de cuero de la Asociación de pequeños productores y comerciantes San Francisco, en la ciudad de Cotacachi, para determinar la situación actual. 2. Mejorar la productividad y competitividad en la Asociación de pequeños productores y comerciantes San Francisco, en la ciudad de Cotacachi, para optimizar la producción y comercialización de artículos de cuero.El presente trabajo de investigación sobre las estrategias para mejorar la productividad y competitividad en la Asociación de pequeños productores y comerciantes San Francisco, se realizó con la colaboración de los señores socios de esta organización ya que tenían la necesidad de contar con una herramienta que permita mejorar los procesos de producción y comercialización, optimización del talento humano y los recursos, mejorar la gestión administrativa. En la metodología se utilizó la investigación descriptiva y propositiva porque detalla y describe los procesos de producción y comercialización y con los resultados se plantea una propuesta. En base a los principales hallazgos del diagnóstico, a los resultados de las encuestas realizadas a 35 asociados, 30 propietarios de locales comerciales y a 148 consumidores y la normatividad técnica vigente, se elaboró la propuesta en la cual se definió un Plan Estratégico en el que se incluye Misión,Visión, Valores, Estrategias Organizacionales y de Negocios, Estrategia de Precios, Estrategia Competitiva, Ventaja Competitiva, Manual Orgánico Funcional, Plan de Capacitación, Plan de Publicidad, Matriz Insumo Proceso Producto. Incluye el análisis de los impactos social, cultural, económico, educativo, empresarial, ambiental, legal y general. Finalmente se realizó la validación de la propuesta con los principales directivos de la asociación, quienes manifestaron su satisfacción por la propuesta. Por lo tanto la investigación pretende conseguir el anhelado mejoramiento de la productividad y la competitividad en la Asociación de pequeños productores y comerciantes San Francisco.Maestrí

EL DISEÑO Y EL LÍMITE DE SU VALIDEZ. ENTRE LA ÉTICA AMBIENTAL Y LA ÉTICA CULTURAL

El diseño como actividad y resultado de un proceso se relaciona con el contexto. Sin contexto no existe diseño, y es en esta íntima relación en que se marca la validez del producto. Se trata de un contexto complejo, definido por el ambiente y la cultura, un contexto que mantiene un equilibrio frágil. El artículo propone la urgencia de que el diseñador desarrolle su actividad profesional dentro de un marco ético, responsable con el contexto, para dejar de ser actor principal de su deterioro. Además, propone lineamientos dentro de los cuales un diseñador debería realizar su actividad para así ejercer una profesión más responsable con su medio

IrSPI, a tick serine protease inhibitor involved in tick feeding and Bartonella henselae infection

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.Ixodes ricinus is the most widespread and abundant tick in Europe, frequently bites humans, and is the vector of several pathogens including those responsible for Lyme disease, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and bartonellosis. These tick-borne pathogens are transmitted to vertebrate hosts via tick saliva during blood feeding, and tick salivary gland (SG) factors are likely implicated in transmission. In order to identify such tick factors, we characterized the transcriptome of female I. ricinus SGs using next generation sequencing techniques, and compared transcriptomes between Bartonella henselae-infected and non-infected ticks. High-throughput sequencing of I. ricinus SG transcriptomes led to the generation of 24,539 isotigs. Among them, 829 and 517 transcripts were either significantly up- or down-regulated respectively, in response to bacterial infection. Searches based on sequence identity showed that among the differentially expressed transcripts, 161 transcripts corresponded to nine groups of previously annotated tick SG gene families, while the others corresponded to genes of unknown function. Expression patterns of five selected genes belonging to the BPTI/Kunitz family of serine protease inhibitors, the tick salivary peptide group 1 protein, the salp15 super-family, and the arthropod defensin family, were validated by qRT-PCR. IrSPI, a member of the BPTI/Kunitz family of serine protease inhibitors, showed the highest up-regulation in SGs in response to Bartonella infection. IrSPI silencing impaired tick feeding, as well as resulted in reduced bacterial load in tick SGs. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of I. ricinus SG transcriptome and contributes significant genomic information about this important disease vector. This in-depth knowledge will enable a better understanding of the molecular interactions between ticks and tick-borne pathogens, and identifies IrSPI, a candidate to study now in detail to estimate its potentialities as vaccine against the ticks and the pathogens they transmit.XYL was supported by funds from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). This work was funded by INRA and EU grant FP7-261504 EDENext and is catalogued by the EDENext Steering Committee as EDENext037 (http://www.edenext.eu). This work was also partially supported by the Spanish Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad project BFU2011-23896.Peer Reviewe

Molecular identification of Cordylobia anthropophaga Blanchard (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae collected from dogs (Canis familiaris) in Jos South, Plateau State, Nigeria

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.Myiasis-causing larvae were extracted from dogs attending veterinary clinics in Plateau State, Nigeria and subjected to molecular analysis involving polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 28S rRNA gene of blowflies, cloning and sequencing techniques. All larvae were confirmed as Cordylobia anthropophaga Blanchard (Diptera: Calliphoridae) after the initial morphological identification. This is the first molecular identification of any myiasis-causing fly species in Nigeria and may serve as a reliable alternative to morphological identification where samples are not well preserved or difficult to identify to species level.We thank at the Instituto de Investigacion en Recursos Cinegiticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain for providing the facilities to carry out this research.Peer Reviewe

Desarrollo de una aplicación Android que pueda servir como herramienta dentro de la gestión de proyectos de construcción bajo la óptica de La metodología BIM

Gestión Integral y dinámica de las organizaciones empresariales y Software inteligente y convergencias tecnológicasDesarrollar una aplicación Android que sirva para la gestión de gerencia dentro de los proyectos de construcción, en donde se logren identificar los elementos necesarios que se debe manejar para obtener un seguimiento y control de procesos internos entre cada miembro involucrado dentro del ciclo de vida de un proyecto, y que al igual que la metodología BIM pueda servir como herramienta de apoyo dentro de los procesos.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. GENERALIDADES 3. OBJETIVOS 4. MARCOS DE REFERENCIA 5. METODOLOGÍA 6. ENTREGA DE RESULTADOS E IMPACTOS 7. CONCLUSIONES 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍAEspecializaciónEspecialista en Gerencia de Obras Civile

Can Anyone Hear Us? An Exploration of Echo Chambers at a Land-Grant University

Faculty at land-grant universities are expected to engage in some form of Extension, or science communication, as part of the land-grant mission. However, critics have claimed these institutions are out of touch with their stakeholders’ needs and faculty mainly communicate with others in academia. This engagement with a homogenous group reflects the concepts of echo chambers, where people are only exposed to information that aligns with their beliefs and current knowledge and discredit opposing information. An explanatory mixed-methods design was used to understand land-grant faculty’s engagement in echo chambers. A survey was distributed to a census of tenure-track faculty in the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences to understand respondents’ engagement in echo chambers. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 13 of the survey respondents to further explore their audiences and channels used in science communication to understand their engagement in echo chambers. Survey results indicated faculty did not necessarily participate in echo chambers, but they also did not contribute to an open communication network. However, the interviews found participants were interested in reaching new audiences yet struggled to communicate with stakeholders. The participants also reported wanting to find alternative channels to peer reviewed journals to help disseminate their work. The findings from this study indicated faculty contributed to a type of echo chamber, but rather than viewing their stakeholders’ opinions as false, they simply did not hear the opinions. Agricultural communicators should work with land-grant faculty administrators to identify appropriate audiences and channels for science communication

Progress in the control of bovine tuberculosis in Spanish wildlife

Special issue: 5th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis.-- HAL Id: hal-00701898Despite the compulsory test and slaughter campaigns in cattle, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is still present in Spain, and the role of wildlife reservoirs is increasingly recognized. We provide an update on recent progress made in bTB control in Spanish wildlife, including aspects of epidemiology, surveillance, host-pathogen interaction and wildlife vaccination.At the high densities and in the particular circumstances of Mediterranean environments, wild ungulates, mainly Eurasian wild boar and red deer, are able to maintain Mycobacterium bovis circulation even in absence of domestic livestock. Infection is widespread among wild ungulates in the south of the country, local infection prevalence being as high as 52% in wild boar and 27% in red deer. Risk factors identified include host genetic susceptibility, abundance, spatial aggregation at feeders and waterholes, scavenging, and social behaviour. An increasing trend of bTB compatible lesions was reported among wild boar and red deer inspected between 1992 and 2004 in Southwestern Spain. Sporadic cases of badger TB have been detected, further complicating the picture.Gene expression profiles were characterized in European wild boar and Iberian red deer naturally infected with M. bovis. The comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in wildlife hosts in response to infection advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis, revealed common and distinctive host responses to infection and identified candidate genes associated with resistance to bTB and for the characterization of host response to infection and vaccination.Ongoing research is producing valuable knowledge on vaccine delivery, safety and efficacy issues. Baits for the oral delivery of BCG vaccine preparations to wild boar piglets were developed and evaluated. The use of selective feeders during the summer was found to be a potentially reliable bait-deployment strategy. Safety experiments yielded no isolation of M. bovis BCG from faeces, internal organs at necropsy and the environment, even after oral delivery of very high doses. Finally, preliminary vaccination and challenge experiments suggested that a single oral BCG vaccination may protect wild boar from infection by a virulent M. bovis field strain.Studies on TB at IREC are supported by Grupo Santander – Fundacion Marcelino Botin, and by TB-STEP EU FP7 212414, INIA-MICINN FAU 06-017, and PAI07-0062-6611 Castilla – La Mancha.Peer Reviewe