Can a novel management plan for the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands crab fisheries succeed?

Since their inception, Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) crab fisheries have attracted participants willing to undertake great financial and personal risks to participate in these high valued fisheries. Although entry to the fisheries is limited, excess capital and overcapacity, together with stock declines, have resulted in a race for fish. The shortest season is in the Bristol Bay red king crab fishery, which has been prosecuted for less than one week in recent years. Efforts of managers to protect declining stocks by reducing allowable catch have increased the economic stress on participants and communities that depend on these fisheries and increased pressure on participants to take greater risks. For several years, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council worked with participants to address these problems in the crab fisheries through series of working groups and management measures. In 2001, Congress stepped in, directing the Council to assess various rationalization programs for the fisheries, including individual fishing quotas (IFQs), processor shares, cooperatives, and quotas held by communities. The outcome of the Council process is a new and unique management program selected by a unanimous vote of the North Pacific Council. The program reflects the Council's desire to accommodate the interests of several groups dependent on these fisheries-vessel owners, processors, captains and crew, and communities. Under the program, harvest quota shares (QS) will be issued to vessel owners and captains. Processors will be issued processing quota shares. Under these allocations, 90 percent of harvest quota shares are designated for delivery to holders of processing quota shares. Community interests are protected by a requirement that a certain portion of the catch be landed and processed in designated regions. An arbitration program is included to resolve price disputes, which could arise because of the constraints on markets created by the dual share allocations. The result of the Council's action is one of the most complex fishery management programs to date. The attempt to satisfy many interests creates significant hurdles that must be overcome for the program to succeed economically and environmentally. This paper describes key dimensions of the proposed crab fishery management program and identifies the most substantial hurdles that the program must overcome for the Council to judge it a successful management program for the fisheries. First, managers will be challenged by program implementation. Implementation will require initial allocations of harvesting shares to vessel owners and captains and processing shares to processors. Most shares will be regionally designated based on the participant's landings history. Second, managers will face the challenge of protecting stocks as the incentives to high grade increase in the share-based fishery. Third, the markets for the harvest shares, captains shares, and processing shares must develop in a manner that facilitates coordination of harvesting and processing activity required by the share system and the regional landing and processing requirements. Lastly, market opportunities for harvest landings will be constrained by the requirement that deliveries be made to a processing share holder in a designated region. For the program to be considered a success, price formation in the market for landings must be perceived as fair. Each of these issues is described in a manner that provides the reader with a perspective of the institutional challenges faced by a program that attempts to address the concerns of several different interests. In addition, characteristics of the fisheries that contribute to the potential to overcome these obstacles are discussed.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Prospect for antiferromagnetic spintronics

Exploiting both spin and charge of the electron in electronic micordevices has lead to a tremendous progress in both basic condensed-matter research and microelectronic applications, resulting in the modern field of spintronics. Current spintronics relies primarily on ferromagnets while antiferromagnets have traditionally played only a supporting role. Recently, antiferromagnets have been revisited as potential candidates for the key active elements in spintronic devices. In this paper we review approaches that have been employed for reading, writing, and storing information in antiferromagnets

Photoferroelectric oxides

Giant photovoltaic effect due to bulk photovoltaic effect observed in multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films has triggered a renewed interest on photoferroelectric materials for photovoltaic applications. Tremendous advance has been done to improve power conversion efficiency (up to up to 8.1%) in photoferroelectrics via absorption increase using narrow bandgap ferroelectrics. Other strategies, as it is the more efficient use of ferroelectric internal electric field, are ongoing. Moreover, as a by-product, several progress have been also achieved on photostriction that is the photo-induced deformation phenomenon. Here, we review ongoing and promising routes to improve ferroelectrics photoresponse

KONTEKS LIVING QURAN ala UMAR BIN KHATAB: (Implementasi Konsep Hermeneutis Dalam Penentuan Kebijakan)

Umar as a caliph as well as a friend of the Apostle has a special position in the history trajectory. His assertive and rigorous personal attitudes lead him became the Khulafa ar Rashidun who is highly respected by Muslims. However, his personal attitudes sparked uproar and even fierce opposition among Muslims at that time, especially when he served as caliph who - it was assumed - often ignored and disobeyed the text of the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. This paper used a qualitative approach and specified on literature review method, by collecting data and information from various relevant literature including both text books and internet sources. The results of this study confirmed that Umar's understanding of the text is a product of contemporary Muslim thought. In addition, Umar bin Khattab's hermeneutics can be learned from his understanding of text exposition, implementation based on the text understanding, and his progressive ijtihad in producing benefit-based law

PERBANDINGAN EFISIENSI PASAR SAHAM SYARIAH DAN PASAR SAHAM KONVENSIONAL DI BEI (2016-2020)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perbandingan efisiensi pasar saham syariah dan pasar saham konvensional di BEI dalam hal efisiensi informasi selama periode 2016-2020. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data historis adjusted closed price harian (5 hari per minggu) dari indeks JII dan IDX30 pada periode 2016-2020. Teknik analisis yang digunakan pemodelan GARCH dengan spesifikasi model GARCH (1,1) untuk syariah dan GARCH (2,1) untuk konvensional yang mampu mengakomodasi masalah pemodelan data keuangan yang memiliki volatilitas yang tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan indeks saham syariah lebih fluktuatif daripada indeks saham konvensional. Dari segi efisiensi informasi, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks saham syariah lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan indeks saham konvensional

Molecular junctions for thermal transport between graphene nanoribbons: covalent bonding vs. interdigitated chains

Proper design and manufacturing thermal bridges based on molecular junctions at the contact between graphene platelets or other thermally conductive nanoparticles would provide a fascinating way to produce efficient heat transport networks for the exploitation in heat management applications. In this work, using Non Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics, we calculated thermal conductance of alkyl chains used as molecular junctions between two graphene nanoribbons, both as covalently bound and Van der Waals interdigitated chains. Effect of chain length, grafting density, temperature and chain interdigitation were systematically studied. A clear reduction of conductivity was found with increasing chain length and decreasing grafting density, while lower conductivity was observed for Van der Waals interdigitated chains compared to covalently bound ones. The importance of molecular junctions in enhancing thermal conductance at graphene nanoribbons contacts was further evidenced by calculating the conductance equivalence between a single chain and an overlapping of un-functionalized graphene sheets. As an example, one single pentyl covalently bound chain was found to have a conductance equivalent to the overlapping of an area corresponding to about 152 carbon atoms. These results contribute to the understanding of thermal phenomena occurring within networks of thermally conductive nanoparticles, including graphene nanopapers and graphene-based polymer nanocomposites, which are or high interest for the heat management application in electronics and generally in low-temperature heat exchange and recovery

Fluoride Increases Superoxide Production and Impairs the Respiratory Chain in ROS 17/2.8 Osteoblastic Cells

It is known that fluoride produces oxidative stress. Inflammation in bone tissue and an impairment of the respiratory chain of liver have been described in treatments with fluoride. Whether the impairment of the respiratory chain and oxidative stress are related is not known. The aim of this work was to study the effects of fluoride on the production of superoxide radical, the function of the respiratory chain and the increase in oxidative stress in ROS 17/2.8 osteoblastic cells. We measured the effect of fluoride (100 mM) on superoxide production, oxygen consumption, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activities of cultured cells following the treatment with fluoride. Fluoride decreased oxygen consumption and increased superoxide production immediately after its addition. Furthermore, chronic treatment with fluoride increased oxidative stress status in osteoblastic cells. These results indicate that fluoride could damage bone tissue by inhibiting the respiratory chain, increasing the production of superoxide radicals and thus of the others reactive oxygen speciesFil: Fina, Brenda. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Biología Ósea; ArgentinaFil: Lombarte, Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Biología Ósea; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rigalli, Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rigalli, Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Biología Ósea; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin