13,035 research outputs found
Photon orbital angular momentum and torque metrics for single telescopes and interferometers
Context. Photon orbital angular momentum (POAM) is normally invoked in a
quantum mechanical context. It can, however, also be adapted to the classical
regime, which includes observational astronomy.
Aims. I explain why POAM quantities are excellent metrics for describing the
end-to-end behavior of astronomical systems. To demonstrate their utility, I
calculate POAM probabilities and torques from holography measurements of EVLA
antenna surfaces.
Methods. With previously defined concepts and calculi, I present generic
expressions for POAM spectra, total POAM, torque spectra, and total torque in
the image plane. I extend these functional forms to describe the specific POAM
behavior of single telescopes and interferometers.
Results. POAM probabilities of spatially uncorrelated astronomical sources
are symmetric in quantum number. Such objects have zero intrinsic total POAM on
the celestial sphere, which means that the total POAM in the image plane is
identical to the total torque induced by aberrations within propagation media &
instrumentation. The total torque can be divided into source- independent and
dependent components, and the latter can be written in terms of three
illustrative forms. For interferometers, complications arise from discrete
sampling of synthesized apertures, but they can be overcome. POAM also
manifests itself in the apodization of each telescope in an array. Holography
of EVLA antennas observing a point source indicate that ~ 10% of photons in the
n = 0 state are torqued to n != 0 states.
Conclusions. POAM quantities represent excellent metrics for characterizing
instruments because they are used to simultaneously describe amplitude and
phase aberrations. In contrast, Zernike polynomials are just solutions of a
differential equation that happen to ~ correspond to specific types of
aberrations and are typically employed to fit only phases
Local status and power in area-based health improvement partnerships
This is the authors' PDF version of an article published in Health© 2014. The definitive version is available at http://hea.sagepub.comArea-based initiatives (ABIs) have formed an important part of public policy towards more socio-economically deprived areas in many countries. Co-ordinating service provision within and across sectors has been a common feature of these initiatives. Despite sustained policy interest in ABIs, little empirical work has explored relations between ABI providers and partnership development within this context remains under-theorised. This paper addresses both of these gaps by exploring partnerships as a social and developmental process, drawing on concepts from figurational sociology to explain how provider relations develop within an ABI. Qualitative methods were used to explore, prospectively, the development of an ABI targeted at a town in the north west of England. A central finding was that, although effective delivery of ABIs is premised on a high level of coordination between service providers, the pattern of interdependencies between providers limits the frequency and effectiveness of cooperation. In particular, the interdependency of ABI providers with others in their organisation (what is termed here âorganisational pullâ) constrained the ways in which they worked with providers outside of their own organisations. âLocalâ status, which could be earned over time, enabled some providers to exert greater control over the way in which provider relations developed during the course of the initiative. These findings demonstrate how historically constituted social networks, within which all providers are embedded, shape partnership development. The theoretical insight developed here suggests a need for more realistic expectations among policy makers about how and to what extent provider partnerships can be managed. Keywords: partnership, collaboration, community services, area-based initiatives, organisational pull, figurational sociologyNational Health Service (NHS
S-matrix bootstrap for resonances
We study the -matrix element of a generic, gapped and
Lorentz invariant QFT in space time dimensions. We derive an analytical
bound on the coupling of the asymptotic states to unstable particles (a.k.a.
resonances) and its physical implications. This is achieved by exploiting the
connection between the S-matrix phase-shift and the roots of the S-matrix in
the physical sheet. We also develop a numerical framework to recover the
analytical bound as a solution to a numerical optimization problem. This later
approach can be generalized to spacetime dimensions.Comment: Minor typos corrected, matches published versio
Massless Scalar Field Propagator in a Quantized Space-Time
We consider in detail the analytic behaviour of the non-interacting massless
scalar field two-point function in H.S. Snyder's discretized non-commuting
spacetime. The propagator we find is purely real on the Euclidean side of the
complex plane and goes like as from either the
Euclidean or Minkowski side. The real part of the propagator goes smoothly to
zero as increases to the discretization scale and remains zero
for . This behaviour is consistent with the termination of
single-particle propagation on the ultraviolet side of the discretization
scale. The imaginary part of the propagator, consistent with a
multiparticle-production branch discontinuity, is finite and continuous on the
Minkowski side, slowly falling to zero when . Finally, we
argue that the spectral function for the multiparticle states appears to
saturate as probes just beyond the discretization scale. We
speculate on the cosmological consequences of such a spectral function.Comment: 6 pages, 1 eps figure embedded in manuscrip
Norbert Eliasâs extended theory of community: from established/outsider relations to the gendered weâI balance
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