Entrer dans l’âge adulte sous contrainte sociojudiciaire : réception de l’action publique et gouvernementalité dans les parcours des jeunes judiciarisé·e·s au pénal au Québec

Pendant leur jeunesse, les jeunes qualifié·e·s de contrevenant·e·s sont confronté·e·s à un double enjeu : d’une part, les défis relatifs à l’entrée dans l’âge adulte, plus complexes dans leur situation que chez leurs pair·e·s non délinquant·e·s ; d’autre part, ceux liés au désistement du crime, socialement attendu pour remplir les normes associées au statut d’adulte. Ces processus individuels non linéaires se déploient sur fond de prises en charge institutionnelles au sein de l’État pénal et de son système de justice juvénile, et/ou par l’État social dans le cadre des politiques sociales de jeunesse pour certains d’entre eux·elles. Aussi, cette thèse s’intéresse-t-elle à cette action publique sociojudiciaire – ou sociopénale – déployée en direction des jeunes judiciarisé·e·s au pénal. Elle vise justement à mieux comprendre ses modalités d’intervention telles que mises en oeuvre auprès de ce public à un moment charnière des parcours de vie. Autrement dit, comment l’action publique sociojudiciaire soutient-elle, ou non, l’entrée dans l’âge adulte des jeunes dit·e·s contrevenant·e·s ? Bâtie sur une perspective conceptuelle à la croisée du parcours de vie, de la gouvernementalité et de la réception de l’action publique, la recherche privilégie une analyse de l’action publique « par le bas ». Elle interroge à ce titre les jeunes judiciarisé·e·s au pénal qui en sont destinaires et deviennent en ce sens des agent·e·s d’influence de sa mise en oeuvre. À partir d’une méthodologie qualitative et compréhensive, les récits de vie de 15 jeunes hommes et une jeune femme suivi·e·s dans le cadre de mesures pénales effectuées dans la communauté ont ainsi été recueillis. Les résultats s’articulent autour de quatre grands axes. 1) Les prises en charge institutionnelles passées occupent une place marquante et centrale dans les parcours juvéniles en transition. Plus précisemment, l’enfermement et la prédominance de la logique pénale de contrôle au détriment d’une logique sociale, partenariale et intégrée d’accompagnement teintent les expériences qui ponctuent les parcours juvéniles. 2) Un continuum de réception de l’action publique se dessine alors, témoignant de la modulation des formes de l’intervention sociojudiciaire en fonction de deux profils de jeunes et de leur parcours antérieur. 3) Les conséquences positives des interventions sociojudiciaires sont minimisées par leur double caractère paradoxal et contradictoire. 4) Dans ce contexte, les jeunes judiciarisé·e·s dans le système québécois de justice des mineur·e·s adoptent des stratégies ambivalentes, entre conformité et résistance aux changements attendus d’une part, entre sollicitation et mise à distance des soutiens sociaux d’autre part. Cette thèse contribue finalement à une meilleure compréhension des soutiens apportés à une catégorie de jeunes généralement considérée à travers la question de la délinquance. Ce faisant, elle nourrit les réflexions sur les hybridations entre État pénal et État social et caractérise les formes de la responsabilisation individuelle qui traversent les interventions sociojudiciaires portées en direction des jeunes judiciarisé·e·s dans le système québécois de justice des mineur·e·s

Climate change, agriculture and food security: a comparative review of global modelling approaches

The dual relationship existing between land-based activities and climate change has long been established. Land-based activities are responsible for about 30% (IPCC) of global GHG emissions and are at the same time particularly impacted by climate change as they are strongly dependent on weather patterns. Although physical and technical considerations may help to investigate these two kinds of issues, economic considerations are crucial to understand how agricultural producers react to climate change and to climate policies. Quantitative economic models are appropriate tools to examine these interactions and to understand how they influence human activities and ecosystems. However, there are many different economic models with different characteristics regarding the way economies are modelled, the way climate change is considered in the models and the way GHG emissions are accounted for. All these specificities determine the type of uses that each model can be employed for. This paper describes the different characteristics and uses of 13 economic models that are currently used to investigate issues concerning land-based activities and climate change

Characterization of the main steps in first shell formation in Mytilus galloprovincialis: possible role of tyrosinase

Bivalve biomineralization is a highly complex and organized process, involving several molecular components identified in adults and larval stages. However, information is still scarce on the ontogeny of the organic matrix before calcification occurs. In this work, first shell formation was investigated in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The time course of organic matrix and CaCO3 deposition were followed at close times post fertilization (24, 26, 29, 32, 48 h) by calcofluor and calcein staining, respectively. Both components showed an exponential trend in growth, with a delay between organic matrix and CaCO3 deposition. mRNA levels of genes involved in matrix deposition (chitin synthase; tyrosinase- TYR) and calcification (carbonic anhydrase; extrapallial protein) were quantified by qPCR at 24 and 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) with respect to eggs. All transcripts were upregulated across early development, with TYR showing highest mRNA levels from 24 hpf. TYR transcripts were closely associated with matrix deposition as shown by in situ hybridization. The involvement of tyrosinase activity was supported by data obtained with the enzyme inhibitor N-phenylthiourea. Our results underline the pivotal role of shell matrix in driving first CaCO3 deposition and the importance of tyrosinase in the formation of the first shell in M. galloprovincialis

Devenir adulte sous contrainte: Retour sur les parcours de jeunes suivi∙e∙s par le système de justice des mineur∙e∙s québécois

This article examines the support provided by Quebec’s juvenile justice system for young people classified as offenders who transition to adulthood and who are in open custody. Analyzing life-course narratives of these young people, it highlights the paradoxical nature of penal interventions that, vacillating between support and control, simultaneously enable and constrain the development of autonomy. Faced with restrictive and contradictory institutional regulations, young people adapt their relationship to socio-judicial services by adopting three types of attitude

Lack of maternal Heat Shock Factor 1 results in multiple cellular and developmental defects, including mitochondrial damage and altered redox homeostasis, and leads to reduced survival of mammalian oocytes and embryos

AbstractHeat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor whose loss of function results in the inability of Hsf1−/− females to produce viable embryos, as a consequence of early developmental arrest. We previously demonstrated that maternal HSF1 is required in oocytes to regulate expression of chaperones, in particular Hsp90α, and is essential for the progression of meiotic maturation. In the present work, we used comparative morphological and biochemical analytic approaches to better understand how Hsf1−/− oocytes undergo irreversible cell death. We found that the metaphase II arrest in mature oocytes, cortical granule exocytosis and formation of pronuclei in zygotes were all impaired in Hsf1−/− mutants. Although oogenesis generated fully grown oocytes in follicles, intra-ovarian Hsf1−/− oocytes displayed ultrastructural abnormalities and contained dysfunctional mitochondria as well as elevated oxidant load. Finally, the apoptotic effector, caspase-3, was activated in most mutant oocytes and embryos, reflecting their commitment to apoptosis. In conclusion, our study shows that early post-ovulation events are particularly sensitive to oxidant insult, which abrogates the developmental competence of HSF1-depleted oocytes. They also reveal that Hsf1 knock-out mice constitute a genetic model that can be used to evaluate the importance of redox homeostasis in oocytes

Combined effect of cell geometry and polarity domains determines the orientation of unequal division

Cell division orientation is thought to result from a competition between cell geometry and polarity domains controlling the position of the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Depending on the level of cell shape anisotropy or the strength of the polarity domain, one dominates the other and determines the orientation of the spindle. Whether and how such competition is also at work to determine unequal cell division (UCD), producing daughter cells of different size, remains unclear. Here, we show that cell geometry and polarity domains cooperate, rather than compete, in positioning the cleavage plane during UCDs in early ascidian embryos. We found that the UCDs and their orientation at the ascidian third cleavage rely on the spindle tilting in an anisotropic cell shape, and cortical polarity domains exerting different effects on spindle astral microtubules. By systematically varying mitotic cell shape, we could modulate the effect of attractive and repulsive polarity domains and consequently generate predicted daughter cell size asymmetries and position. We therefore propose that the spindle position during UCD is set by the combined activities of cell geometry and polarity domains, where cell geometry modulates the effect of cortical polarity domain(s)

Laryngeal teflonoma identified by Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy after forensic autopsy: An interesting tool for foreign material identification in forensic cases

International audienceForensic pathologists are sometimes confronted with microscopic foreign bodies mixed in with soft tissues surrounding wounds and which are thus difficult to identify. This identification, however, could be primordial in investigating a crime and in determining the weapon used. A case of a fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to conjoining suicidal drug intoxication and laryngeal obstruction by a voluminous foreign body giant cell granuloma is presented. The classical histological examination showed exogenous particles in the vocal cord tumor with birefringent qualities. Their analysis with Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry coupled with infrared microscope allows the determination of their chemical nature as polytetrafluoroethylene and to the diagnosis of teflonoma. This case report put the emphasis on the forensic interest of the FTIR imaging

Redistribution of Mitochondria Leads to Bursts of ATP Production During Spontaneous Mouse Oocyte Maturation

During mammalian oocyte maturation there are marked changes in the distribution of mitochondria that supply the majority of the cellular ATP. Such redistribution of mitochondria is critical for oocyte quality, as oocytes with a poor developmental potential display aberrant mitochondrial distribution and lower ATP levels. Here we have investigated the dynamics of mitochondrial ATP production throughout spontaneous mouse oocyte maturation, using live measurements of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP levels. We have observed three distinct increases in cytosolic ATP levels temporally associated with discrete events of oocyte maturation. These changes in cytosolic ATP levels are mirrored by changes in mitochondrial ATP levels, suggesting that mitochondrial ATP production is stimulated during oocyte maturation. Strikingly, these changes in ATP levels correlate with the distribution of mitochondria undergoing translocation to the peri-nuclear region and aggregation into clusters. Mitochondrial clustering during oocyte maturation was concomitant with the formation of long cortical microfilaments and could be disrupted by cytochalasin B treatment. Furthermore, the ATP production bursts observed during oocyte maturation were also inhibited by cytochalasin B suggesting that mitochondrial ATP production is stimulated during oocyte maturation by microfilament-driven, sub-cellular targeting of mitochondria. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 672–680, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Characterization of a sperm factor for egg activation at fertilization of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster

AbstractEggs of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, arrested at the second meiotic metaphase are activated by sperm at fertilization and then complete meiosis to initiate development. We highly purified a sperm factor for egg activation from a sperm extract with several chromatographies. The purified fraction containing only a 45 kDa protein induced egg activation accompanied by an intracellular Ca2+ increase when injected into unfertilized eggs. Although injection of mouse phospholipase C (PLC) ζ-mRNA caused a Ca2+ increase and egg activation, partial amino acid sequences of the 45 kDa protein were homologous to those of Xenopus citrate synthase, but not to PLCs. An anti-porcine citrate synthase antibody recognized the 45 kDa protein both in the purified fraction and in the sperm extract. Treatment with the anti-citrate synthase antibody reduced the egg-activation activity in the sperm extract. Injection of porcine citrate synthase or mRNA of Xenopus citrate synthase induced a Ca2+ increase and caused egg activation. A large amount of the 45 kDa protein was localized in two lines elongated from the neck to the middle piece of sperm. These results indicate that the 45 kDa protein is a major component of the sperm factor for egg activation at newt fertilization