Interpersonal dynamics in 2-vs-1 contexts of football: the effects of field location and player roles

This study analyzed the spatial-temporal interactions that sustained 2-vs-1 contexts in football at different field locations near the goal. Fifteen male players (under 15 years, age 13.2 ± 1.03 years, years of practice 4.2 ± 1.10 years), 5 defenders, 7 midfielders, and 3 attackers, participated in the study. Each participant performed a game to simulate a 2-vs-1 sub-phase as a ball carrier, second attacker, and defender at three different field locations, resulting in a total number of 142 trials. The movements of participants in each trial were recorded and digitized with TACTO software. Values of interpersonal distance between the ball carrier and defender and interpersonal angles between players and between the goal target, defender, and ball carrier were calculated. The results revealed a general main effect of field location. Generally, the middle zone revealed the lowest values of interpersonal distance and angle between players and the right zone and the highest values of interpersonal distance between players and interpersonal angle between players and the goal. Related with participants’ roles, defenders revealed subtle differences as attackers on interpersonal distances and relative angles compared with midfielders and attackers. Findings supported that field location is a key constraint of players’ performance and that players’ role constraint performance effectiveness in football

Divulgação de responsabilidade social na internet : estudo descritivo das páginas de Internet dos maiores bancos mundiais

Dissertação de Mestrado em Comercio Electrónico e Internet apresentada à Universidade AbertaA relação das empresas com o seu meio envolvente influencia hoje cada vez mais o lugar que estas ocupam ou lhes é permitido ocupar, nas sociedades. A responsabilidade social empresarial tornou-se assim num tema central na gestão e na operação das organizações. A sua divulgação, mais do que uma comunicação tem agora de ser uma discussão entre as empresas e quem com elas se relaciona. É neste cenário que a internet, um canal de comunicação bidirecional, permanente, atualizável e de acesso universal, pode vir a operar se não operou já, uma mudança na forma como as organizações reportam a sua responsabilidade social aos stakeholders. Importava assim saber em que medida as empresas fazem realmente uso da internet para a divulgação das preocupações e atividades de responsabilidade social e, em caso afirmativo se essa utilização depende de fatores económicos, geográficos ou sociais. Foi recolhida informação dos websites corporativos, dos cento e dez maiores bancos mundiais. Depois de uma análise qualitativa ao seu conteúdo, foram compilados estatisticamente os dados em busca de padrões e testada a sua correlação com indicadores universais de desenvolvimento. As conclusões apontam para a confirmação da utilização da internet na divulgação da responsabilidade social empresarial. Também se conclui que os bancos partilham, nos seus websites, informação maioritariamente acerca de gestão ambiental e programas económico-sociais. Outros temas recorrentes são a ética empresarial, os códigos de conduta internos, investimento no bem-estar dos colaboradores e na comunidade. Existem evidências fortes de padrões geográficos na quantidade e detalhe de informação prestada assim como nos temas abordados, ainda que em menor escala. Foram encontrados por fim, sinais de que a divulgação por parte dos bancos da sua responsabilidade social é maior e mais detalhada em função dos índices de desenvolvimento do país onde operam.Company’s relationships with their environment increasingly influence the place they occupy and are permitted to occupy in society. Therefore, corporate social responsibility became a central issue in management and operation of organizations. Disclosing it, must now be a discussion, much more than a communication, between companies and with whom they relate to. Facing this, the internet as a bidirectional communication channel, permanent, updatable and universally accessible, can in the future operate, if it hasn’t operated yet, a change in how organizations report their social responsibility to stakeholders. It mattered to know to what extent companies actually make use of the internet to report their corporate social responsibility concerns and activities and, doing so, if that use depends on economic, geographical or social factors. Information was collected from the corporate websites of the one hundred and ten biggest world banks and a qualitative analysis was made to its content. Data was statistically compiled and investigated for patterns and afterwards tested for correlation with universal development indexes. Findings and conclusions point to the confirmation of the use of the internet in the dissemination of corporate social responsibility information. It’s also concluded that banks share in their websites information majorly concerning environmental protection and sustainable development. Other recurring themes are corporate ethics, internal conduct codes and some sorts of investment in human resources and communities. There is very strong evidence of geographical patterns in the amount and detail of information provided as well as the topics covered, albeit on a smaller scale. This study also provides solid evidence that bank’s disclosures on corporate social responsibility are larger and more detailed in countries with higher development indexes

Application of entropy measures to analysis of performance in team sports

Over the last years, several researchers have been claiming that team ball sports may be viewed as dynamical systems and, thus, they should be thoroughly investigated using congruent concepts and tools. The study of variability in the sport performance domain has shown potential to contribute with valuable information about tactical behaviours related with space and time management within ever changing task constraints featuring team sports contests. Here we detail how different entropy measures have been applied to the study of performance variability to uncover the interactions underlying players and teams’ performances. With that purpose, urging issues related with information entropy, approximate entropy and sample entropy applications are discussed as a mean to enrich the state of the art in team sport performance. In sum, measurements of entropy in team sports have shown great potential to assess the uncertainty of players’ spatial distributions and dominant regions areas and of several collective team behaviours (e.g., team synchrony and team dispersion) throughout the course of a match. Entropy can also be used as a potential tool to identify expert performances and differentiate skilled from novice athletes. Future holds many other applications of this statistic in the context of performance analysis in sports, and the inclusion of new and more sophisticated entropy algorithms

Conhecimentos sobre sexualidade

O conhecimento, enquanto fator capaz de exercer influência sobre as atitudes, é um pré-requisito fundamental nos programas de prevenção dos comportamentos sexuais de risco. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um instrumento para avaliar os conhecimentos dos adolescentes sobre a sexualidade. O Questionário de Conhecimentos sobre Sexualidade pretende avaliar os conhecimentos num continuum de dificuldade e distinguir os alunos com diferentes níveis de saberes. A amostra foi constituída por 1545 adolescentes com uma média de 16 anos (DP=1.80) que frequentam a escola. Os resultados evidenciam que as raparigas estão mais informadas do que os rapazes, e que os jovens portugueses com mais de 15 anos, sem religião, com mais de 5 anos de educação sexual na escola e que tiveram a mãe como educadora sexual são os que têm mais conhecimentos sobre a sexualidade. As atitudes dos adolescentes em relação ao preservativo mostraram estar associadas aos conhecimentos e os adolescentes que usaram preservativo no último encontro sexual revelaram níveis mais elevados de conhecimentos.Abstract: Knowledge, as a factor that exerts influence on attitudes, is a fundamental prerequisite in prevention programs of risky sexual behaviours. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument that would assess the knowledge that adolescents have about sexuality. The Knowledge about Sexuality Questionnaire assesses the knowledge in a difficulty continuum and also the distinction of students with different levels of knowledge. The sample was composed by 1545 adolescents with a mean age of 16 years (SD=1.80) that attend school. The results show that girls are more informed than boys, and that Portuguese adolescents older than 15, without religion, with more than 5 years of sexual education in school and having their mothers as sexual educators are the ones with more knowledge about sexuality. The attitudes of the adolescents towards the use of condom are associated with the knowledge they have about it and the adolescents that used condom in their last sexual relation reveal higher levels of knowledge.Résumé: En tant que potentiel facteur d’influence sur les attitudes, la connaissance est un préalable fondamental dans les programmes de préventions des comportements sexuels à risque. L’étude présentée ici a pour objectif de développer un instrument permettant d’évaluer les connaissances des adolescents sur la sexualité. Le Questionnaire des Connaissances sur la Sexualité permet ainsi d’évaluer les connaissances dans un continuum de difficultés et permet en outre de classer les élèves selon différents niveaux de savoir. L’échantillon utilisé est constitué de 1545 adolescents fréquentant des classes allant de la 5ème à la terminale (M=16,44 ans ; DP=1,80). Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence que les filles sont plus informées que les garçons, et que les jeunes de plus de 15 ans, sans religion, ayant fréquenté les cours d‘éducation sexuelle pendant plus de 5 ans et qui ont eu leur mère comme éducatrice sur les questions de sexualité sont les plus informés sur ce sujet. Les attitudes des adolescents au sujet du préservatif sont associées aux connaissances et ceux qui ont utilisé un préservatif lors de leur dernière relation sexuelle montre des niveaux plus élevés de connaissance.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - FCT (Referência SFRH/BD/75130/2010)

La communication en éducation sexuelle à l’école: Études préliminaires de validation du Questionnaire de Communication en Éducation Sexuelle – Version Professeurs

Os/as professores/as portugueses têm um papel central na implementação da educação sexual (ES) nas escolas. A abordagem deste tema implica que os/as docentes atuem como facilitadores, utilizando uma comunicação positiva e aberta, capaz de estimular reflexões e debates com os/as alunos/as sobre a sexualidade. Este estudo pretende validar o Questionário de Comunicação em Educação Sexual na Escola – Versão Professores (QCESE-VP) para a população portuguesa. Participaram no estudo 78 professores/as das regiões Centro, Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. Os/as docentes responderam ao QCESE-VP, que é um instrumento de autorresposta composto por duas secções: a primeira constituída por 20 itens e a segunda por 12 itens. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória revelaram que o instrumento apresenta boas características psicométricas, com indicadores de alta consistência interna. A partir de testes estatísticos foi possível identificar diferenças na comunicação dos/as professores/as associadas ao sexo, anos de docência, formação em educação sexual, abordagem da educação sexual com os/as alunos/as. Os resultados sugerem que o QCESE-VP pode ser útil na identificação das necessidades de formação dos/as professores/as em competências e estratégias de comunicação em educação sexual e apoiar a avaliação dos programas nas escolas.Abstract: Portuguese teachers have a central role in the implementation of sex education in schools. The approach of this theme implies that teachers act as facilitators, using a positive and open communication, being able to stimulate reflection and discussion with students about sexuality. This study aims to validate the Questionnaire of Communication about Sexual Education in the School – Teacher Version (QCSES-TV) for the Portuguese population. Seventy-eight teachers of the Centre, Lisbon and Tagus Valley regions answered the QCSES-TV. The QCSES-TV is a self-report instrument composed by two sections: the first has 20 items and the second 12 items. The results from the exploratory factor analysis revealed that the instrument has good psychometric characteristics, with high internal consistency indicators. From the statistical tests is possible to identify differences in communication of teachers due to gender, years of teaching, training sex education, the sex education approach with students and some of the factors that affect the willingness and readiness of teachers to address sex education. The results suggest that the QCSES-TV can be useful in identifying the teachers’ training needs in communication strategies in sex education and assist the evaluation of programmes in schools.Résumé: Les professeurs portugais jouent un rôle central dans la mise en place de l’éducation sexuelle(es) en contexte scolaire. L’approche de cette thématique implique que les enseignants agissent comme des facilitateurs en recourant à une communication positive et ouverte permettant de stimuler les réflexions et les débats autour de l’ES avec les élèves. Notre étude prétend valider le Questionnaire de Communication en Education Sexuelle – Version Professeurs (QCESE-VP) destiné à la population portugaise. Soixante-dix-huit professeurs des régions du Centre, de Lisbonne et de Vale do Tejo ont participé à cette recherche. Les enseignants ont répondu au QCESE-VP, un instrument d’auto-évaluation composé de deux sections: la première étant constituée de 20 items et le deuxième de 12. Les résultats obtenus par le biais d’une analyse factorielle exploratoire ont permis de mettre en évidence la qualité des caractéristiques psychométriques de cet instrument et des indicateurs de haute consistance interne. Par le biais de testes statistiques nous avons pu identifier des différences concernant la communication des enseignant/es selon le genre les années d’ancienneté, la formation en éducation sexuelle, l’approche donnée à l’éducation sexuelle avec les élèves et certains facteurs affectant la volonté et la disponibilité des enseignant/es quand il s’agit d’aborder l’éducation sexuelle. Les résultats ont montré que le QCESE-VP est un instrument utile permettant d’identifier les besoins de formation des enseignant/es, notamment en ce qui concerne les stratégies de communication à adopter en éducation sexuelle, et qu’il s’agit d’un instrument important pour orienter l’évaluation des programmes dans les écoles.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - Referência nº SFRH/BD/75130/201

A implementação da educação sexual na escola: Atitudes dos professores

Os objectivos deste estudo focalizaram-se nas atitudes dos professores relativas à educação sexual nas escolas, assim como em perceber o seu grau de conhecimento e conforto ao abordar temas de sexualidade. Procurámos relacionar o grau de religiosidade e os estilos de ensino com essas atitudes. Participaram neste estudo 600 professores dos 2.º, 3.º Ciclos e Secundário. Para responder a estas questões foram utilizados três instrumentos: o Questionário de Avaliação de Atitudes face à Educação Sexual (QAAPES) de Reis e Vilar (2002), a Escala de Religiosidade retirada do Estudo Europeu de Valores (Correia, 2000) e o Teaching Styles Inventory (TSI) de Grasha (1996). Nesta amostra os professores revelaram uma atitude favorável à implementação da educação sexual.ABSTRACT:The objectives of this study were focused in teachers’ attitudes towards Sexual Education in schools, as well as perceiving their grade of knowledge and comfort while approaching themes of sexuality. We tried to relate the grade of relligiousness and teaching styles with that attitude. 600 teachers from 2nd and 3rd educational levels and highschool participated in this study. In order to respond to these questions, three instruments were used: Sexual Education Evaluation Attitudes Questionnaire (SEEAQ) by Reis e Vilar (2002), the Relligiousness Scale taken from the European Study of Values (Correia, 2000) and Teaching Styles Inventory (TSI) by Grasha (1996). In this sample, teachers revealed in favor of the implementation of Sexual Education.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Attitudes and Beliefs Questionnaire about Sexuality and Sexual Education (ABQSSE) for adolescents: psychometric validation studies

A produção de instrumentos confiáveis que sejam capazes de apoiar a avaliação dos programas de educação sexual, em termos de identificação de atitudes negativas e crenças limitantes acerca da sexualidade, revela-se de grande utilidade para as escolas portuguesas. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu no desenvolvimento do Questionário de Atitudes e Crenças sobre Sexualidade e Educação Sexual (QACSES) e na avaliação das suas características psicométricas. Participaram do estudo 1400 adolescentes portugueses. A análise fatorial exploratória (estudo 1; N=493) permitiu compreender a sua estrutura dimensional e a análise fatorial confirmatória (estudo 2; N=905) o seu refinamento. Realizam-se análises de género, idade e de intercorrelações entre as subescalas (estudo 3; N=1400). O questionário final é composto por uma estrutura tri-dimensional com 17 itens. Dado que o QACSES apresenta boas qualidades psicométricas e anuncia-se como um recurso na avaliação e diagnóstico de crenças e atitudes dos adolescentes, este instrumento pode ser útil para as escolas e organizações que pretendem planear intervenções educativas de prevenção dos comportamentos sexuais de risco e de promoção de comportamentos preventivos.Abstract: The production of reliable instruments that are able to support the evaluation of sexual education programs, in terms of identification of negative attitudes and limiting beliefs about sexuality, is of great use for Portuguese schools. The aim of this study was to develop the Attitudes and Beliefs Questionnaire about Sexuality and Sexual Education and to evaluate its psychometric characteristics. This study was composed of 1400 Portuguese adolescents. The exploratory factorial analysis (Study 1; N=493) permitted the comprehension of its dimensional structure and the confirmatory factorial analysis (Study 2; N=905) permitted its refinement. Gender, age and intercorrelations between subscales analyses were conducted (Study 3; N=1400). The final questionnaire consists of a three-dimensional structure with 17 items. Knowing that the ABQSSE has good psychometric qualities and is announced as a resource in the evaluation and diagnosis of adolescents’ beliefs and attitudes, this instrument can be useful for schools and organizations that pretend to plan educational interventions on the prevention of sexual risk behaviours and the promotion of preventive behaviours.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - Referência nº SFRH/BD/75130/201

A implementação da educação sexual na escola: Atitudes dos professores

Os objectivos deste estudo focalizaram-se nas atitudes dos professores relativas à educação sexual nas escolas, assim como em perceber o seu grau de conhecimento e conforto ao abordar temas de sexualidade. Procurámos relacionar o grau de religiosidade e os estilos de ensino com essas atitudes. Participaram neste estudo 600 professores dos 2.º, 3.º Ciclos e Secundário. Para responder a estas questões foram utilizados três instrumentos: o Questionário de Avaliação de Atitudes face à Educação Sexual (QAAPES) de Reis e Vilar (2002), a Escala de Religiosidade retirada do Estudo Europeu de Valores (Correia, 2000) e o Teaching Styles Inventory (TSI) de Grasha (1996). Nesta amostra os professores revelaram uma atitude favorável à implementação da educação sexual

Acute toxicity of neurotoxin-producing Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii ITEP-A1 (Cyanobacteria) on the neotropical cladoceran Macrothrix spinosa

Cyanobacterial blooms are recurrent phenomena in several water bodies, mostly eutrophic. They are considered a public health problem, especially considering harmful species like Raphidiopsis raciborskii, a bloom-forming cyanobacteria recorded as a producer of neurotoxic and cytotoxic alkaloids. The present study aimed to assess the acute toxicity of a saxitoxin-producing strain Raphidiopsis raciborskii ITEP-A1 on the zooplankter Macrothrix spinosa. Cladoceran clones isolated from an eutrophic system with cyanobacterial blooms records and an oligotrophic one with no bloom record; both from Pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil), were tested for R. raciborskii ITEP-A1 toxicity. Acute toxicity assays were carried out with newborns (<24h, n=10) and the animals were exposed to three concentrations of cyanobacterial cell biomass (μgC L-1). Quantification of saxitoxins (STX and neoSTX) was done by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector (HPLC-RF). The EC50(48h) for the Duas Unas and Prata clones were 359 and 189 μgC L-1, respectively. Obtained results showed that M. spinosa Prata was more sensitive to R. raciborskii than Duas Unas, reinforcing the importance of analyzing the previous life history of the test organisms regarding their native environments. However, both clones demonstrated high sensitivity to R. raciborskii, which enhances their potential for biomonitoring toxic cyanobacterial blooms in tropical reservoirs

Envelhecimento, sexualidade e afetos na cidade de Lisboa : a palavra aos profissionais

Intervenção Social. - ISSN 0874-1611. - N. 51-52 (2018). - p. 9-108