27 research outputs found
Etude de l'origine des couples magnétiques induits par le couplage spin orbite dans des structures asymétriques à base de Co/Pt
In order to reduce power consumption in next generationsâ electronic devices, one potentialsolution is to implement non-volatility in memory cells. In this goal, the magnetizationswitching of a ferromagnetic material has been used in a memory concept: the MRAM. Thelatest development of this technology, called SOT-RAM, is based on new phenomena calledSOTs (Spin-Orbit Torques) in order to control magnetization direction. Contrary to precedentgenerations (STT-MRAM), it should achieve a higher operating speed and an enduranceadapted for cache and main memories applications. SOTs is a generic term referring to all theeffects, linked to the spin-orbit interaction, and that enable magnetization reversal. They areyet not perfectly understood.The main objective of this Ph.D. was then to study these SOTs through a quasi-staticexperimental measurement setup based on anomalous and planar Hall effects. Itsimplementation and the associated analysis method, as well as the required theoreticalconsiderations for data interpretation are detailed in this manuscript. It has been highlightedthat magnetization switching in perpendicularly magnetization cobalt-platinum systemscannot be explained by the simple models considered thus far in the literature. As a matter offact it has been evidenced that at least two effects have to be considered in order to explainobserved phenomena. In addition, they present different susceptibility both to a modificationof the crystal structure and to a temperature change.Afin de rĂ©duire la consommation de puissance des futures gĂ©nĂ©rations de systĂšmesĂ©lectroniques, une solution est dâintĂ©grer de la non-volatilitĂ© au sein mĂȘme des cellulesmĂ©moires. Dans cette optique, lâutilisation du retournement de lâaimantation dâun matĂ©riauferromagnĂ©tique comme support de lâinformation a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e initialement dans un conceptde mĂ©moire, la MRAM. La derniĂšre Ă©volution de cette technologie, la SOT-RAM, utilise desphĂ©nomĂšnes nouveaux appelĂ©s SOTs afin de contrĂŽler la direction de lâaimantation. Parrapport aux gĂ©nĂ©rations prĂ©cĂ©dentes (STT-MRAM notamment), elle devrait permettredâamĂ©liorer la vitesse dâĂ©criture en conservant une endurance adaptĂ©e pour des utilisations enmĂ©moires cache oĂč en mĂ©moire centrale. Le terme SOTs est une dĂ©nomination gĂ©nĂ©raledĂ©signant lâensemble des effets, encore mal connus, liĂ©s au couplage spin-orbite et permettantle retournement de lâaimantation dâune cellule mĂ©moire.Ce travail de thĂšse a eu pour objectif dâĂ©tudier les SOTs via un systĂšme expĂ©rimental demesure quasi-statique basĂ© sur les effets Hall extraordinaires et planaires. SonimplĂ©mentation et la mĂ©thode dâanalyse associĂ©e, ainsi que les considĂ©rations thĂ©oriquesnĂ©cessaires Ă lâinterprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sont dĂ©taillĂ©es dans ce manuscrit. Il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©que le retournement de lâaimantation dans des systĂšmes Ă aimantation perpendiculaire Ă basede cobalt-platine ne peut ĂȘtre expliquĂ© par les modĂšles simples considĂ©rĂ©s jusquâĂ prĂ©sentdans la littĂ©rature. En effet, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence quâau moins deux effets simultanĂ©s doiventĂȘtre pris en compte pour expliquer les phĂ©nomĂšnes observĂ©s. Par ailleurs, ceux-ci prĂ©sententune sensibilitĂ© diffĂ©rente Ă la fois Ă une altĂ©ration de la structure cristalline et Ă une variationde tempĂ©rature
Etude de l'origine des couples magnétiques induits par le couplage spin orbite dans des structures asymétriques à base de Co/Pt
In order to reduce power consumption in next generationsâ electronic devices, one potentialsolution is to implement non-volatility in memory cells. In this goal, the magnetizationswitching of a ferromagnetic material has been used in a memory concept: the MRAM. Thelatest development of this technology, called SOT-RAM, is based on new phenomena calledSOTs (Spin-Orbit Torques) in order to control magnetization direction. Contrary to precedentgenerations (STT-MRAM), it should achieve a higher operating speed and an enduranceadapted for cache and main memories applications. SOTs is a generic term referring to all theeffects, linked to the spin-orbit interaction, and that enable magnetization reversal. They areyet not perfectly understood.The main objective of this Ph.D. was then to study these SOTs through a quasi-staticexperimental measurement setup based on anomalous and planar Hall effects. Itsimplementation and the associated analysis method, as well as the required theoreticalconsiderations for data interpretation are detailed in this manuscript. It has been highlightedthat magnetization switching in perpendicularly magnetization cobalt-platinum systemscannot be explained by the simple models considered thus far in the literature. As a matter offact it has been evidenced that at least two effects have to be considered in order to explainobserved phenomena. In addition, they present different susceptibility both to a modificationof the crystal structure and to a temperature change.Afin de rĂ©duire la consommation de puissance des futures gĂ©nĂ©rations de systĂšmesĂ©lectroniques, une solution est dâintĂ©grer de la non-volatilitĂ© au sein mĂȘme des cellulesmĂ©moires. Dans cette optique, lâutilisation du retournement de lâaimantation dâun matĂ©riauferromagnĂ©tique comme support de lâinformation a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e initialement dans un conceptde mĂ©moire, la MRAM. La derniĂšre Ă©volution de cette technologie, la SOT-RAM, utilise desphĂ©nomĂšnes nouveaux appelĂ©s SOTs afin de contrĂŽler la direction de lâaimantation. Parrapport aux gĂ©nĂ©rations prĂ©cĂ©dentes (STT-MRAM notamment), elle devrait permettredâamĂ©liorer la vitesse dâĂ©criture en conservant une endurance adaptĂ©e pour des utilisations enmĂ©moires cache oĂč en mĂ©moire centrale. Le terme SOTs est une dĂ©nomination gĂ©nĂ©raledĂ©signant lâensemble des effets, encore mal connus, liĂ©s au couplage spin-orbite et permettantle retournement de lâaimantation dâune cellule mĂ©moire.Ce travail de thĂšse a eu pour objectif dâĂ©tudier les SOTs via un systĂšme expĂ©rimental demesure quasi-statique basĂ© sur les effets Hall extraordinaires et planaires. SonimplĂ©mentation et la mĂ©thode dâanalyse associĂ©e, ainsi que les considĂ©rations thĂ©oriquesnĂ©cessaires Ă lâinterprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sont dĂ©taillĂ©es dans ce manuscrit. Il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©que le retournement de lâaimantation dans des systĂšmes Ă aimantation perpendiculaire Ă basede cobalt-platine ne peut ĂȘtre expliquĂ© par les modĂšles simples considĂ©rĂ©s jusquâĂ prĂ©sentdans la littĂ©rature. En effet, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence quâau moins deux effets simultanĂ©s doiventĂȘtre pris en compte pour expliquer les phĂ©nomĂšnes observĂ©s. Par ailleurs, ceux-ci prĂ©sententune sensibilitĂ© diffĂ©rente Ă la fois Ă une altĂ©ration de la structure cristalline et Ă une variationde tempĂ©rature
Thrombolyse dâun AVC ischĂ©mique vertĂ©bro-basilaire Ă NâDjamena, RĂ©publique du Tchad
Lâaccident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral ischĂ©mique est une pathologie rare chez les militaires français, mais les mĂ©decins militaires projetĂ©s en opĂ©rations extĂ©rieures peuvent ĂȘtre amenĂ©s Ă en prendre en charge, notamment en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. DĂšs lors, il sâagit dâune urgence vitale nĂ©cessitant de rĂ©agir rapidement avec des moyens limitĂ©s, de façon multidisciplinaire avec les mĂ©decins neurologues de France mĂ©tropolitaine, afin dâassurer au patient une prise en charge optimale. Nous rapportons le cas dâun patient victime dâun accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral ischĂ©mique sur le territoire vertĂ©bro-basilaire, traitĂ© par thrombolyse intraveineuse
Chiral damping of magnetic domain walls
Structural symmetry breaking in magnetic materials is responsible for a
variety of outstanding physical phenomena. Examples range from the existence of
multiferroics, to current induced spin orbit torques (SOT) and the formation of
topological magnetic structures. In this letter we bring into light a novel
effect of the structural inversion asymmetry (SIA): a chiral damping mechanism.
This phenomenon is evidenced by measuring the field driven domain wall (DW)
motion in perpendicularly magnetized asymmetric Pt/Co/Pt trilayers. The
difficulty in evidencing the chiral damping is that the ensuing DW dynamics
exhibit identical spatial symmetry to those expected from the
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). Despite this fundamental resemblance,
the two scenarios are differentiated by their time reversal properties: while
DMI is a conservative effect that can be modeled by an effective field, the
chiral damping is purely dissipative and has no influence on the equilibrium
magnetic texture. When the DW motion is modulated by an in-plane magnetic
field, it reveals the structure of the internal fields experienced by the DWs,
allowing to distinguish the physical mechanism. The observation of the chiral
damping, not only enriches the spectrum of physical phenomena engendered by the
SIA, but since it can coexists with DMI it is essential for conceiving DW and
skyrmion devices
The \u3cem\u3eChlamydomonas\u3c/em\u3e Genome Reveals the Evolution of Key Animal and Plant Functions
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the âŒ120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella
Study of current induced spin orbit torques origin in cobalt-platinum based heterostructures.
Afin de rĂ©duire la consommation de puissance des futures gĂ©nĂ©rations de systĂšmesĂ©lectroniques, une solution est dâintĂ©grer de la non-volatilitĂ© au sein mĂȘme des cellulesmĂ©moires. Dans cette optique, lâutilisation du retournement de lâaimantation dâun matĂ©riauferromagnĂ©tique comme support de lâinformation a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e initialement dans un conceptde mĂ©moire, la MRAM. La derniĂšre Ă©volution de cette technologie, la SOT-RAM, utilise desphĂ©nomĂšnes nouveaux appelĂ©s SOTs afin de contrĂŽler la direction de lâaimantation. Parrapport aux gĂ©nĂ©rations prĂ©cĂ©dentes (STT-MRAM notamment), elle devrait permettredâamĂ©liorer la vitesse dâĂ©criture en conservant une endurance adaptĂ©e pour des utilisations enmĂ©moires cache oĂč en mĂ©moire centrale. Le terme SOTs est une dĂ©nomination gĂ©nĂ©raledĂ©signant lâensemble des effets, encore mal connus, liĂ©s au couplage spin-orbite et permettantle retournement de lâaimantation dâune cellule mĂ©moire.Ce travail de thĂšse a eu pour objectif dâĂ©tudier les SOTs via un systĂšme expĂ©rimental demesure quasi-statique basĂ© sur les effets Hall extraordinaires et planaires. SonimplĂ©mentation et la mĂ©thode dâanalyse associĂ©e, ainsi que les considĂ©rations thĂ©oriquesnĂ©cessaires Ă lâinterprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sont dĂ©taillĂ©es dans ce manuscrit. Il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©que le retournement de lâaimantation dans des systĂšmes Ă aimantation perpendiculaire Ă basede cobalt-platine ne peut ĂȘtre expliquĂ© par les modĂšles simples considĂ©rĂ©s jusquâĂ prĂ©sentdans la littĂ©rature. En effet, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence quâau moins deux effets simultanĂ©s doiventĂȘtre pris en compte pour expliquer les phĂ©nomĂšnes observĂ©s. Par ailleurs, ceux-ci prĂ©sententune sensibilitĂ© diffĂ©rente Ă la fois Ă une altĂ©ration de la structure cristalline et Ă une variationde tempĂ©rature.In order to reduce power consumption in next generationsâ electronic devices, one potentialsolution is to implement non-volatility in memory cells. In this goal, the magnetizationswitching of a ferromagnetic material has been used in a memory concept: the MRAM. Thelatest development of this technology, called SOT-RAM, is based on new phenomena calledSOTs (Spin-Orbit Torques) in order to control magnetization direction. Contrary to precedentgenerations (STT-MRAM), it should achieve a higher operating speed and an enduranceadapted for cache and main memories applications. SOTs is a generic term referring to all theeffects, linked to the spin-orbit interaction, and that enable magnetization reversal. They areyet not perfectly understood.The main objective of this Ph.D. was then to study these SOTs through a quasi-staticexperimental measurement setup based on anomalous and planar Hall effects. Itsimplementation and the associated analysis method, as well as the required theoreticalconsiderations for data interpretation are detailed in this manuscript. It has been highlightedthat magnetization switching in perpendicularly magnetization cobalt-platinum systemscannot be explained by the simple models considered thus far in the literature. As a matter offact it has been evidenced that at least two effects have to be considered in order to explainobserved phenomena. In addition, they present different susceptibility both to a modificationof the crystal structure and to a temperature change
Progressive entry and the incentives to invest in alternative infrastructures
International audienceIn this paper we study an entrant's incentives to build a network infrastructure, when there is an initial phase of service-based competition where it leases access to the incumbent's infrastructure. We build a model in which the phase of service-based competition allows the entrant to step into the market by progressively acquiring market experience. We show that the acquisition of experience in the phase of service-based competition delays the entrant's investment when the prospects for infrastructure investment are good, and accelerates investment otherwise. We also show that when the acquisition of experience depends on the entrant's current customer base and facility-based entry is a long-term possibility, setting a low access price can accelerate the entrant's investment
On the Evolution and Expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Nucleus-Encoded Transfer RNA Genes
In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 259 tRNA genes were identified and classified into 49 tRNA isoaccepting families. By constructing phylogenetic trees, we determined the evolutionary history for each tRNA gene family. The majority of the tRNA sequences are more closely related to their plant counterparts than to animals ones. Northern experiments also permitted us to show that at least one member of each tRNA isoacceptor family is transcribed and correctly processed in vivo. A short stretch of T residues known to be a signal for termination of polymerase III transcription was found downstream of most tRNA genes. It allowed us to propose that the vast majority of the tRNA genes are expressed and to confirm that numerous tRNA genes separated by short spacers are indeed cotranscribed. Interestingly, in silico analyses and hybridization experiments show that the cellular tRNA abundance is correlated with the number of tRNA genes and is adjusted to the codon usage to optimize translation efficiency. Finally, we studied the origin of SINEs, short interspersed elements related to tRNAs, whose presence in Chlamydomonas is exceptional. Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggests that tRNAAsp-related SINEs originate from a prokaryotic-type tRNA either horizontally transferred from a bacterium or originally present in mitochondria or chloroplasts
Determination of 3âMonochloropropane-1,2-diol and 2âMonochloropropane-1,3-diol (MCPD) Esters and Glycidyl Esters by Microwave Extraction in Different Foodstuffs
This
paper describes a method for the determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol
and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters
in various foodstuffs, which are isolated using microwave extraction.
The next step is based on alkaline-catalyzed ester cleavage. The released
glycidol is transformed into monobromopropanediol (MBPD). All compounds
are derivatized in free diols (MCPD and MBPD) with phenylboronic acid
and analyzed by gas chromatographyâmass spectrometry (GCâMS).
The method was validated for oils with a limit of quantitation (LOQ)
of 0.1 mg/kg, for chips and crisps with a LOQ of 0.02 mg/kg, and for
infant formula with a LOQ of 0.0025 mg/L. Recoveries of each sample
were controlled by standard addition on extracts before derivatization.
Quantitation was performed by the addition of isotopically labeled
glycidyl and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters