27 research outputs found

    Etude de l'origine des couples magnétiques induits par le couplage spin orbite dans des structures asymétriques à base de Co/Pt

    Get PDF
    In order to reduce power consumption in next generations’ electronic devices, one potentialsolution is to implement non-volatility in memory cells. In this goal, the magnetizationswitching of a ferromagnetic material has been used in a memory concept: the MRAM. Thelatest development of this technology, called SOT-RAM, is based on new phenomena calledSOTs (Spin-Orbit Torques) in order to control magnetization direction. Contrary to precedentgenerations (STT-MRAM), it should achieve a higher operating speed and an enduranceadapted for cache and main memories applications. SOTs is a generic term referring to all theeffects, linked to the spin-orbit interaction, and that enable magnetization reversal. They areyet not perfectly understood.The main objective of this Ph.D. was then to study these SOTs through a quasi-staticexperimental measurement setup based on anomalous and planar Hall effects. Itsimplementation and the associated analysis method, as well as the required theoreticalconsiderations for data interpretation are detailed in this manuscript. It has been highlightedthat magnetization switching in perpendicularly magnetization cobalt-platinum systemscannot be explained by the simple models considered thus far in the literature. As a matter offact it has been evidenced that at least two effects have to be considered in order to explainobserved phenomena. In addition, they present different susceptibility both to a modificationof the crystal structure and to a temperature change.Afin de rĂ©duire la consommation de puissance des futures gĂ©nĂ©rations de systĂšmesĂ©lectroniques, une solution est d’intĂ©grer de la non-volatilitĂ© au sein mĂȘme des cellulesmĂ©moires. Dans cette optique, l’utilisation du retournement de l’aimantation d’un matĂ©riauferromagnĂ©tique comme support de l’information a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e initialement dans un conceptde mĂ©moire, la MRAM. La derniĂšre Ă©volution de cette technologie, la SOT-RAM, utilise desphĂ©nomĂšnes nouveaux appelĂ©s SOTs afin de contrĂŽler la direction de l’aimantation. Parrapport aux gĂ©nĂ©rations prĂ©cĂ©dentes (STT-MRAM notamment), elle devrait permettred’amĂ©liorer la vitesse d’écriture en conservant une endurance adaptĂ©e pour des utilisations enmĂ©moires cache oĂč en mĂ©moire centrale. Le terme SOTs est une dĂ©nomination gĂ©nĂ©raledĂ©signant l’ensemble des effets, encore mal connus, liĂ©s au couplage spin-orbite et permettantle retournement de l’aimantation d’une cellule mĂ©moire.Ce travail de thĂšse a eu pour objectif d’étudier les SOTs via un systĂšme expĂ©rimental demesure quasi-statique basĂ© sur les effets Hall extraordinaires et planaires. SonimplĂ©mentation et la mĂ©thode d’analyse associĂ©e, ainsi que les considĂ©rations thĂ©oriquesnĂ©cessaires Ă  l’interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sont dĂ©taillĂ©es dans ce manuscrit. Il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©que le retournement de l’aimantation dans des systĂšmes Ă  aimantation perpendiculaire Ă  basede cobalt-platine ne peut ĂȘtre expliquĂ© par les modĂšles simples considĂ©rĂ©s jusqu’à prĂ©sentdans la littĂ©rature. En effet, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence qu’au moins deux effets simultanĂ©s doiventĂȘtre pris en compte pour expliquer les phĂ©nomĂšnes observĂ©s. Par ailleurs, ceux-ci prĂ©sententune sensibilitĂ© diffĂ©rente Ă  la fois Ă  une altĂ©ration de la structure cristalline et Ă  une variationde tempĂ©rature

    Etude de l'origine des couples magnétiques induits par le couplage spin orbite dans des structures asymétriques à base de Co/Pt

    No full text
    In order to reduce power consumption in next generations’ electronic devices, one potentialsolution is to implement non-volatility in memory cells. In this goal, the magnetizationswitching of a ferromagnetic material has been used in a memory concept: the MRAM. Thelatest development of this technology, called SOT-RAM, is based on new phenomena calledSOTs (Spin-Orbit Torques) in order to control magnetization direction. Contrary to precedentgenerations (STT-MRAM), it should achieve a higher operating speed and an enduranceadapted for cache and main memories applications. SOTs is a generic term referring to all theeffects, linked to the spin-orbit interaction, and that enable magnetization reversal. They areyet not perfectly understood.The main objective of this Ph.D. was then to study these SOTs through a quasi-staticexperimental measurement setup based on anomalous and planar Hall effects. Itsimplementation and the associated analysis method, as well as the required theoreticalconsiderations for data interpretation are detailed in this manuscript. It has been highlightedthat magnetization switching in perpendicularly magnetization cobalt-platinum systemscannot be explained by the simple models considered thus far in the literature. As a matter offact it has been evidenced that at least two effects have to be considered in order to explainobserved phenomena. In addition, they present different susceptibility both to a modificationof the crystal structure and to a temperature change.Afin de rĂ©duire la consommation de puissance des futures gĂ©nĂ©rations de systĂšmesĂ©lectroniques, une solution est d’intĂ©grer de la non-volatilitĂ© au sein mĂȘme des cellulesmĂ©moires. Dans cette optique, l’utilisation du retournement de l’aimantation d’un matĂ©riauferromagnĂ©tique comme support de l’information a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e initialement dans un conceptde mĂ©moire, la MRAM. La derniĂšre Ă©volution de cette technologie, la SOT-RAM, utilise desphĂ©nomĂšnes nouveaux appelĂ©s SOTs afin de contrĂŽler la direction de l’aimantation. Parrapport aux gĂ©nĂ©rations prĂ©cĂ©dentes (STT-MRAM notamment), elle devrait permettred’amĂ©liorer la vitesse d’écriture en conservant une endurance adaptĂ©e pour des utilisations enmĂ©moires cache oĂč en mĂ©moire centrale. Le terme SOTs est une dĂ©nomination gĂ©nĂ©raledĂ©signant l’ensemble des effets, encore mal connus, liĂ©s au couplage spin-orbite et permettantle retournement de l’aimantation d’une cellule mĂ©moire.Ce travail de thĂšse a eu pour objectif d’étudier les SOTs via un systĂšme expĂ©rimental demesure quasi-statique basĂ© sur les effets Hall extraordinaires et planaires. SonimplĂ©mentation et la mĂ©thode d’analyse associĂ©e, ainsi que les considĂ©rations thĂ©oriquesnĂ©cessaires Ă  l’interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sont dĂ©taillĂ©es dans ce manuscrit. Il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©que le retournement de l’aimantation dans des systĂšmes Ă  aimantation perpendiculaire Ă  basede cobalt-platine ne peut ĂȘtre expliquĂ© par les modĂšles simples considĂ©rĂ©s jusqu’à prĂ©sentdans la littĂ©rature. En effet, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence qu’au moins deux effets simultanĂ©s doiventĂȘtre pris en compte pour expliquer les phĂ©nomĂšnes observĂ©s. Par ailleurs, ceux-ci prĂ©sententune sensibilitĂ© diffĂ©rente Ă  la fois Ă  une altĂ©ration de la structure cristalline et Ă  une variationde tempĂ©rature

    Thrombolyse d’un AVC ischĂ©mique vertĂ©bro-basilaire Ă  N’Djamena, RĂ©publique du Tchad

    Get PDF
    L’accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral ischĂ©mique est une pathologie rare chez les militaires français, mais les mĂ©decins militaires projetĂ©s en opĂ©rations extĂ©rieures peuvent ĂȘtre amenĂ©s Ă  en prendre en charge, notamment en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. DĂšs lors, il s’agit d’une urgence vitale nĂ©cessitant de rĂ©agir rapidement avec des moyens limitĂ©s, de façon multidisciplinaire avec les mĂ©decins neurologues de France mĂ©tropolitaine, afin d’assurer au patient une prise en charge optimale. Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient victime d’un accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral ischĂ©mique sur le territoire vertĂ©bro-basilaire, traitĂ© par thrombolyse intraveineuse

    Chiral damping of magnetic domain walls

    Full text link
    Structural symmetry breaking in magnetic materials is responsible for a variety of outstanding physical phenomena. Examples range from the existence of multiferroics, to current induced spin orbit torques (SOT) and the formation of topological magnetic structures. In this letter we bring into light a novel effect of the structural inversion asymmetry (SIA): a chiral damping mechanism. This phenomenon is evidenced by measuring the field driven domain wall (DW) motion in perpendicularly magnetized asymmetric Pt/Co/Pt trilayers. The difficulty in evidencing the chiral damping is that the ensuing DW dynamics exhibit identical spatial symmetry to those expected from the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). Despite this fundamental resemblance, the two scenarios are differentiated by their time reversal properties: while DMI is a conservative effect that can be modeled by an effective field, the chiral damping is purely dissipative and has no influence on the equilibrium magnetic texture. When the DW motion is modulated by an in-plane magnetic field, it reveals the structure of the internal fields experienced by the DWs, allowing to distinguish the physical mechanism. The observation of the chiral damping, not only enriches the spectrum of physical phenomena engendered by the SIA, but since it can coexists with DMI it is essential for conceiving DW and skyrmion devices

    The \u3cem\u3eChlamydomonas\u3c/em\u3e Genome Reveals the Evolution of Key Animal and Plant Functions

    Get PDF
    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the ∌120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella

    Study of current induced spin orbit torques origin in cobalt-platinum based heterostructures.

    No full text
    Afin de rĂ©duire la consommation de puissance des futures gĂ©nĂ©rations de systĂšmesĂ©lectroniques, une solution est d’intĂ©grer de la non-volatilitĂ© au sein mĂȘme des cellulesmĂ©moires. Dans cette optique, l’utilisation du retournement de l’aimantation d’un matĂ©riauferromagnĂ©tique comme support de l’information a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e initialement dans un conceptde mĂ©moire, la MRAM. La derniĂšre Ă©volution de cette technologie, la SOT-RAM, utilise desphĂ©nomĂšnes nouveaux appelĂ©s SOTs afin de contrĂŽler la direction de l’aimantation. Parrapport aux gĂ©nĂ©rations prĂ©cĂ©dentes (STT-MRAM notamment), elle devrait permettred’amĂ©liorer la vitesse d’écriture en conservant une endurance adaptĂ©e pour des utilisations enmĂ©moires cache oĂč en mĂ©moire centrale. Le terme SOTs est une dĂ©nomination gĂ©nĂ©raledĂ©signant l’ensemble des effets, encore mal connus, liĂ©s au couplage spin-orbite et permettantle retournement de l’aimantation d’une cellule mĂ©moire.Ce travail de thĂšse a eu pour objectif d’étudier les SOTs via un systĂšme expĂ©rimental demesure quasi-statique basĂ© sur les effets Hall extraordinaires et planaires. SonimplĂ©mentation et la mĂ©thode d’analyse associĂ©e, ainsi que les considĂ©rations thĂ©oriquesnĂ©cessaires Ă  l’interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats sont dĂ©taillĂ©es dans ce manuscrit. Il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©que le retournement de l’aimantation dans des systĂšmes Ă  aimantation perpendiculaire Ă  basede cobalt-platine ne peut ĂȘtre expliquĂ© par les modĂšles simples considĂ©rĂ©s jusqu’à prĂ©sentdans la littĂ©rature. En effet, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence qu’au moins deux effets simultanĂ©s doiventĂȘtre pris en compte pour expliquer les phĂ©nomĂšnes observĂ©s. Par ailleurs, ceux-ci prĂ©sententune sensibilitĂ© diffĂ©rente Ă  la fois Ă  une altĂ©ration de la structure cristalline et Ă  une variationde tempĂ©rature.In order to reduce power consumption in next generations’ electronic devices, one potentialsolution is to implement non-volatility in memory cells. In this goal, the magnetizationswitching of a ferromagnetic material has been used in a memory concept: the MRAM. Thelatest development of this technology, called SOT-RAM, is based on new phenomena calledSOTs (Spin-Orbit Torques) in order to control magnetization direction. Contrary to precedentgenerations (STT-MRAM), it should achieve a higher operating speed and an enduranceadapted for cache and main memories applications. SOTs is a generic term referring to all theeffects, linked to the spin-orbit interaction, and that enable magnetization reversal. They areyet not perfectly understood.The main objective of this Ph.D. was then to study these SOTs through a quasi-staticexperimental measurement setup based on anomalous and planar Hall effects. Itsimplementation and the associated analysis method, as well as the required theoreticalconsiderations for data interpretation are detailed in this manuscript. It has been highlightedthat magnetization switching in perpendicularly magnetization cobalt-platinum systemscannot be explained by the simple models considered thus far in the literature. As a matter offact it has been evidenced that at least two effects have to be considered in order to explainobserved phenomena. In addition, they present different susceptibility both to a modificationof the crystal structure and to a temperature change

    Progressive entry and the incentives to invest in alternative infrastructures

    No full text
    International audienceIn this paper we study an entrant's incentives to build a network infrastructure, when there is an initial phase of service-based competition where it leases access to the incumbent's infrastructure. We build a model in which the phase of service-based competition allows the entrant to step into the market by progressively acquiring market experience. We show that the acquisition of experience in the phase of service-based competition delays the entrant's investment when the prospects for infrastructure investment are good, and accelerates investment otherwise. We also show that when the acquisition of experience depends on the entrant's current customer base and facility-based entry is a long-term possibility, setting a low access price can accelerate the entrant's investment

    On the Evolution and Expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Nucleus-Encoded Transfer RNA Genes

    No full text
    In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 259 tRNA genes were identified and classified into 49 tRNA isoaccepting families. By constructing phylogenetic trees, we determined the evolutionary history for each tRNA gene family. The majority of the tRNA sequences are more closely related to their plant counterparts than to animals ones. Northern experiments also permitted us to show that at least one member of each tRNA isoacceptor family is transcribed and correctly processed in vivo. A short stretch of T residues known to be a signal for termination of polymerase III transcription was found downstream of most tRNA genes. It allowed us to propose that the vast majority of the tRNA genes are expressed and to confirm that numerous tRNA genes separated by short spacers are indeed cotranscribed. Interestingly, in silico analyses and hybridization experiments show that the cellular tRNA abundance is correlated with the number of tRNA genes and is adjusted to the codon usage to optimize translation efficiency. Finally, we studied the origin of SINEs, short interspersed elements related to tRNAs, whose presence in Chlamydomonas is exceptional. Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggests that tRNAAsp-related SINEs originate from a prokaryotic-type tRNA either horizontally transferred from a bacterium or originally present in mitochondria or chloroplasts

    Determination of 3‑Monochloropropane-1,2-diol and 2‑Monochloropropane-1,3-diol (MCPD) Esters and Glycidyl Esters by Microwave Extraction in Different Foodstuffs

    No full text
    This paper describes a method for the determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in various foodstuffs, which are isolated using microwave extraction. The next step is based on alkaline-catalyzed ester cleavage. The released glycidol is transformed into monobromopropanediol (MBPD). All compounds are derivatized in free diols (MCPD and MBPD) with phenylboronic acid and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The method was validated for oils with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.1 mg/kg, for chips and crisps with a LOQ of 0.02 mg/kg, and for infant formula with a LOQ of 0.0025 mg/L. Recoveries of each sample were controlled by standard addition on extracts before derivatization. Quantitation was performed by the addition of isotopically labeled glycidyl and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters
    corecore