10 research outputs found
Hybrid client-server and P2P network for web-based collaborative 3D design
National audienceOur proposed research project is to enable 3D distributed visualization and manipulation involving collaborative effort through the use of web-based technologies. Our project resulted from a wide collaborative application research fields: Computer Aided Design (CAD), Building Information Modeling (BIM) or Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) where design tasks are often performed in teams and need a fluent communication system. The system allows distributed remote assembling in 3D scenes with real-time updates for the users. This paper covers this feature using hybrid networking solution: a client-server architecture (REST) for 3D rendering (WebGL) and data persistence (NoSQL) associated to an automatically built peer-to-peer (P2P) mesh for real-time communication between the clients (WebRTC). The approach is demonstrated through the development of a web-platform prototype focusing on the easy manipulation, fine rendering and light update messages for all participating users. We provide an architecture and a prototype to enable users to design in 3D together in real time with the benefits of web based online collaboration
Event-based architecture for web-based virtual collaborative environments : application to manipulation and visualisation of 3D objects
LâĂ©volution technologique du web durant ces derniĂšres annĂ©es a favorisĂ© lâarrivĂ©e dâenvironnements virtuels collaboratifs pour la modĂ©lisation 3D Ă grande Ă©chelle. Alors que la collaboration rĂ©unit dans un mĂȘme espace partagĂ© des utilisateurs distants gĂ©ographiquement pour un objectif de collaboration commun, les ressources matĂ©rielles qu'ils apportent (calcul, stockage, 3D ...) avec leurs connaissances sont encore trop rarement utilisĂ©es et cela constitue un dĂ©fi. Il s'agit en effet de proposer un systĂšme simple, performant et transparent pour les utilisateurs afin de permettre une collaboration efficace Ă la fois sur le volet computationnel mais aussi, bien entendu, sur l'aspect mĂ©tier liĂ© Ă la modĂ©lisation 3D sur le web. Pour rendre efficace le passage Ă lâĂ©chelle, de nombreux systĂšmes utilisent une architecture rĂ©seau dite "hybride", combinant client serveur et pair-Ă -pair. La rĂ©plication optimiste s'adapte bien aux propriĂ©tĂ©s de ces environnements rĂ©partis : la dynamicitĂ© des utilisateurs et leur nombre, le type de donnĂ©e traitĂ©es (3D) et leur taille. Cette thĂšse prĂ©sente un modĂšle pour les systĂšmes dâĂ©dition collaborative en 3D sur le web. L'architecture cliente (3DEvent) permet de dĂ©porter les aspects mĂ©tiers de la 3D au plus prĂšs de lâutilisateur sous la forme dâĂ©vĂšnements. Cette architecture orientĂ©e Ă©vĂ©nements repose sur le constat dâun fort besoin de traçabilitĂ© et dâhistorique sur les donnĂ©es 3D lors de lâassemblage dâun modĂšle. Cet aspect est portĂ© intrinsĂšquement par le patron de conception event-sourcing. Ce modĂšle est complĂ©tĂ© par la dĂ©finition dâun intergiciel en pair-Ă -pair. Sur ce dernier point, nous proposons d'utiliser la technologie WebRTC qui prĂ©sente une API familiĂšre aux dĂ©veloppeurs de services en infonuagique. Une Ă©valuation portant sur deux Ă©tudes utilisateur concernant lâacceptance du modĂšle proposĂ© a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e dans le cadre de tĂąches dâassemblage de modĂšles 3D sur plusieurs groupes dâutilisateurs.Web technologies evolutions during last decades fostered the development of collaborative virtual environments for 3D design at large scale. Despite the fact that collaborative environments gather in a same shared space geographically distant users in a common objective, the hardware ressources of their clients (calcul, storage, graphics ...) are often underused because of the challenge it represents. It is indeed a matter of offering an easy-to-use, efficient and transparent collaborative system to the user supporting both computationnal and 3D design visualisation and business logic needs in heterogeneous web environments. To scale well, numerous systems use a network architecture called "hybrid", combining both client-server and peer-to-peer. Optimistic replication is well adapted to distributed application such as 3D collaborative envionments : the dynamicity of users and their numbers, the 3D data type used and the large amount and size of it.This document presents a model for 3D web-based collaborative editing systems. This model integrates 3DEvent, an client-based architecture allowing us to bring 3D business logic closer to the user using events. Indeed, the need of traceability and history awareness is required during 3D design especially when several experts are involved during the process. This aspect is intrinsec to event-sourcing design pattern. This architecture is completed by a peer-to-peer middleware responsible for the synchronisation and the consistency of the system. To implement it, we propose to use the recent web standard API called WebRTC, close to cloud development services know by developers. To evaluate the model, two user studies were conducted on several group of users concerning its responsiveness and the acceptance by users in the frame of cooperative assembly tasks of 3D models
Architecture événementielle pour les environnements virtuels collaboratifs sur le web : application à la manipulation et à la visualisation d'objets en 3D
Web technologies evolutions during last decades fostered the development of collaborative virtual environments for 3D design at large scale. Despite the fact that collaborative environments gather in a same shared space geographically distant users in a common objective, the hardware ressources of their clients (calcul, storage, graphics ...) are often underused because of the challenge it represents. It is indeed a matter of offering an easy-to-use, efficient and transparent collaborative system to the user supporting both computationnal and 3D design visualisation and business logic needs in heterogeneous web environments. To scale well, numerous systems use a network architecture called "hybrid", combining both client-server and peer-to-peer. Optimistic replication is well adapted to distributed application such as 3D collaborative envionments : the dynamicity of users and their numbers, the 3D data type used and the large amount and size of it.This document presents a model for 3D web-based collaborative editing systems. This model integrates 3DEvent, an client-based architecture allowing us to bring 3D business logic closer to the user using events. Indeed, the need of traceability and history awareness is required during 3D design especially when several experts are involved during the process. This aspect is intrinsec to event-sourcing design pattern. This architecture is completed by a peer-to-peer middleware responsible for the synchronisation and the consistency of the system. To implement it, we propose to use the recent web standard API called WebRTC, close to cloud development services know by developers. To evaluate the model, two user studies were conducted on several group of users concerning its responsiveness and the acceptance by users in the frame of cooperative assembly tasks of 3D models.LâĂ©volution technologique du web durant ces derniĂšres annĂ©es a favorisĂ© lâarrivĂ©e dâenvironnements virtuels collaboratifs pour la modĂ©lisation 3D Ă grande Ă©chelle. Alors que la collaboration rĂ©unit dans un mĂȘme espace partagĂ© des utilisateurs distants gĂ©ographiquement pour un objectif de collaboration commun, les ressources matĂ©rielles qu'ils apportent (calcul, stockage, 3D ...) avec leurs connaissances sont encore trop rarement utilisĂ©es et cela constitue un dĂ©fi. Il s'agit en effet de proposer un systĂšme simple, performant et transparent pour les utilisateurs afin de permettre une collaboration efficace Ă la fois sur le volet computationnel mais aussi, bien entendu, sur l'aspect mĂ©tier liĂ© Ă la modĂ©lisation 3D sur le web. Pour rendre efficace le passage Ă lâĂ©chelle, de nombreux systĂšmes utilisent une architecture rĂ©seau dite "hybride", combinant client serveur et pair-Ă -pair. La rĂ©plication optimiste s'adapte bien aux propriĂ©tĂ©s de ces environnements rĂ©partis : la dynamicitĂ© des utilisateurs et leur nombre, le type de donnĂ©e traitĂ©es (3D) et leur taille. Cette thĂšse prĂ©sente un modĂšle pour les systĂšmes dâĂ©dition collaborative en 3D sur le web. L'architecture cliente (3DEvent) permet de dĂ©porter les aspects mĂ©tiers de la 3D au plus prĂšs de lâutilisateur sous la forme dâĂ©vĂšnements. Cette architecture orientĂ©e Ă©vĂ©nements repose sur le constat dâun fort besoin de traçabilitĂ© et dâhistorique sur les donnĂ©es 3D lors de lâassemblage dâun modĂšle. Cet aspect est portĂ© intrinsĂšquement par le patron de conception event-sourcing. Ce modĂšle est complĂ©tĂ© par la dĂ©finition dâun intergiciel en pair-Ă -pair. Sur ce dernier point, nous proposons d'utiliser la technologie WebRTC qui prĂ©sente une API familiĂšre aux dĂ©veloppeurs de services en infonuagique. Une Ă©valuation portant sur deux Ă©tudes utilisateur concernant lâacceptance du modĂšle proposĂ© a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e dans le cadre de tĂąches dâassemblage de modĂšles 3D sur plusieurs groupes dâutilisateurs
3DEvent: a framework using event-sourcing approach for 3D web-based collaborative design in P2P
International audienceDespite recent advances, especially in web-based Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) using real-time 3D content, Web technology still requires an efficient way to distribute and stream large-scale 3D data. In this paper, we present 3DEvent: an event-driven framework to collaboratively manipulate predesigned 3D content in real-time on a web-based platform. This work introduces a new approach in achieving 3D object manipulation tasks during collaborative design stages using event-sourcing. Usually, a client-server architecture supports updates to the 3D environment state. Peer-to-peer (P2P) allows direct communication between teammates reducing response times during collaboration and decreasing server load, reducing the costs of providers. 3DEvent enables P2P-assisted delivery of 3D dynamic content in a web browser via WebRTC. By combining concepts from distributed event-processing and mesh-processing, 3D independent rendering and event-based synchronization, we present 3DEvent framework and potential uses associated that support history-aware 3D applications into a unified distributed processing solution for 3D web-based CVEs
Loosely Coupled Approach for Web-Based Collaborative 3D Design
International audienceRecent advances in Web 3D technology have opened a wide area for Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVE). While CVE are often viewed in a concurrency context, they need to provide a satisfying experience in terms of consistency latency and recovery. Because (i) Event-Driven architectures (EDA) are well-suited for distributed application and (ii) traditional communication architecture (client-server) can be limited in such situations, this paper presents a loosely-coupled approach combining event sourcing with a hybrid communication architecture. This model aims to ensure a strong versioning system and resource availability for collaborative 3D object manipulation in a web browser. To evaluate acceptance of our system, we conducted a user study on groups of users working simultaneously on 3D cooperative assembly tasks. The results detail the users' involvement evolution, qualitative appreciations of the system's usability and the collaborative features
Fluorescent secreted bacterial effectors reveal active intravacuolar proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes in epithelial cells
International audienceReal-time imaging of bacterial virulence factor dynamics is hampered by the limited number of fluorescent tools suitable for tagging secreted effectors. Here, we demonstrated that the fluorogenic reporter FAST could be used to tag secreted proteins, and we implemented it to monitor infection dynamics in epithelial cells exposed to the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). By tracking individual FAST-labelled vacuoles after Lm internalisation into cells, we unveiled the heterogeneity of residence time inside entry vacuoles. Although half of the bacterial population escaped within 13 minutes after entry, 12% of bacteria remained entrapped over an hour inside long term vacuoles, and sometimes much longer, regardless of the secretion of the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO). We imaged LLO-FAST in these long-term vacuoles, and showed that LLO enabled Lm to proliferate inside these compartments, reminiscent of what had been previously observed for Spacious Listeria-containing phagosomes (SLAPs). Unexpectedly, inside epithelial SLAP-like vacuoles (eSLAPs), Lm proliferated as fast as in the host cytosol. eSLAPs thus constitute an alternative replication niche in epithelial cells that might promote the colonization of host tissues
Listeriolysin O promotes the intravacuolar growth of Listeria monocytogenes in epithelial cells
Upon entry into host cells, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) was described to escape rapidly from internalisation vacuoles and proliferate only after gaining access to the cytosol. Vacuole escape depends upon three secreted virulence factors: the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) and two phospholipases. To quantify the dynamics of vacuolar escape, we used FAST fluorescent tags to monitor bacterial secretion into enclosed compartments. By tracking fluorescently-labelled vacuoles, we quantified the heterogeneity of 20 Lm residence time in primary vacuoles formed in epithelial LoVo cells. Although half of the bacterial population escaped from vacuoles within 13 minutes after internalisation, a fraction of it remained entrapped several hours in Long Residence Vacuoles (LRV), for both wild type and LLO-deficient strains. Unexpectedly, Lm replicated inside LRVs at a rate similar to that in the cytosol. LRVs were decorated with LLO-FAST and LLO was necessary for bacterial proliferation in these compartments, suggesting that 25 permeation of vacuolar membranes sustained growth. LRVs displayed similarities with the spacious Listeria-containing phagosomes described in macrophages, and could constitute an alternative replication niche for Lm in epithelial cells
Visualizing the dynamics of exported bacterial proteins with the chemogenetic fluorescent reporter FAST
International audienceBacterial proteins exported to the cell surface play key cellular functions. However, despite the interest to study the localisation of surface proteins such as adhesins, transporters or hydrolases, monitoring their dynamics in live imaging remains challenging, due to the limited availability of fluorescent probes remaining functional after secretion. In this work, we used the Escherichia coli intimin and the Listeria monocytogenes InlB invasin as surface exposed scaffolds fused with the recently developed chemogenetic fluorescent reporter protein FAST. Using both membrane permeant (HBR-3,5DM) and non-permeant (HBRAA-3E) fluorogens that fluoresce upon binding to FAST, we demonstrated that fully functional FAST can be exposed at the cell surface and used to specifically tag the external side of the bacterial envelop in both diderm and monoderm bacteria. Our work opens new avenues to study the organization and dynamics of the bacterial cell surface proteins
Ămotions au travail
Cette livraison de La Nouvelle Revue du Travail du printemps 2015 propose un Corpus sur un objet original, les Ă©motions au travail. Espace de violences et de solidaritĂ©s, le travail suscite des sentiments dâinjustice, de colĂšre, dâenvie, de haine, mais aussi de satisfactions et de plaisirs. Le travail mobilise les individus dans leur « entier », corps et Ăąme, les incitant Ă sâappuyer sur des savoir-faire techniques mais Ă©galement affectifs, Ă engager leur enthousiasme comme leur envie de bien faire, avec des rĂ©sultats toujours traduits en Ă©motions. En mĂȘme temps, le management joue des Ă©motions et participe de la mise au travail des Ă©motions et pourrait les instrumentaliser. Six auteurs rĂ©pondent Ă leur maniĂšre Ă ces questionnements. La Controverse prĂ©sente un long entretien avec Bernard Friot qui propose non seulement une critique argumentĂ©e des sociĂ©tĂ©s contemporaines, mais surtout, un modĂšle alternatif, charpentĂ©, prĂ©cis, fondĂ© sur une lecture originale des acquis qu'il juge rĂ©volutionnaires de l'institution salariale. Ses rĂ©flexions interpellent et parfois dĂ©rangent, agacent, suscitent du scepticisme, voire des rĂ©actions dâhostilitĂ©. Il rĂ©pond ici sur la faisabilitĂ© du projet de sociĂ©tĂ© quâil dĂ©fend dans plusieurs de ses livres. Dans la rubrique Varia, FrĂ©dĂ©ric Lebaron examine ce quâil dĂ©nomme, la financiarisation de lâenseignement supĂ©rieur et de la recherche (ESR) en analysant les processus de croyance, liĂ©s notamment au rĂŽle moteur de la science Ă©conomique dans lâordre social contemporain, en Ă©troite liaison avec les caractĂ©ristiques du capitalisme contemporain. Les MatĂ©riaux offerts par ce numĂ©ro proviennent dâun entrepĂŽt logistique oĂč les ouvriers trient et ordonnent des milliers de colis venus dâAsie, avant de composer les commandes pour les 220 magasins dâune grande chaĂźne de distribution. Le management vocal, via un casque auditif et un micro, contraint le temps et les espaces de travail des ouvriers. Dans Champs et contrechamps, Manuela FrĂ©sil parle de son dernier film EntrĂ©e du personnel quâelle a rĂ©alisĂ© avec les ouvriers et ouvriĂšres des abattoirs en Bretagne et en Normandie : elle dit ses attaches au cinĂ©ma de Jean-Rouch tout en sâen dĂ©marquant pour proposer un film politique de rĂ©flexion sur le travail. Enfin, plus dâune quinzaine de recensions et de notes de lecture analysent, quelquefois sans concession, les ouvrages les plus marquants parus rĂ©cemment