8,067 research outputs found

    Charge localization in multiply charged clusters and their electrical properties: Some insights into electrospray droplets

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    The surface composition of charged Lennard-Jones clusters ANn+_N^{n+}, composed of N particles (55 \leq N \leq 1169) among which n are positively charged with charge q, thus having a net total charge Q = nq, is investigated by Monte Carlo with Parallel Tempering simulations. At finite temperature, the surface sites of these charged clusters are found to be preferentially occupied by charged particles carrying large charges, due to Coulombic repulsions, but the full occupancy of surface sites is rarely achieved for clusters below the stability limit defined in this work. Large clusters (N = 1169) follow the same trends, with a smaller propensity for positive particles to occupy the cluster surface at non-zero temperature. We show that these charged clusters rather behave as electrical spherical conductors for the smaller sizes (N \leq 147) but as spheres uniformly charged in their volume for the larger sizes (N = 1169).Comment: 10 pages and 4 figure

    De la mesure au sens de la mesure : l’économie scripturaire du sida et de son traitement en République centrafricaine (RCA)

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    Pour donner sens à la mesure, il faut la rapporter à un système de valeurs qui en permet l’évaluation et le jugement. Voilà le parti pris théorique qui sous-tend cet article consacré aux pratiques d’écriture de la lutte contre le sida à partir d’une approche à l’intersection de l’anthropologie politique de la santé et du domaine des science studies. Afin d’investiguer le passage et les éventuels blocages entre la mesure et le sens de cette mesure, je vais revenir sur l’histoire de la mise en place de systèmes d’indicateurs pour accompagner les traitements du sida en République centrafricaine (RCA), un pays parmi les plus pauvres au monde et avec des capacités étatiques très faibles. L’article vise précisément à décrire et comprendre comment, dans ce contexte de grande incertitude matérielle et de violence structurelle, un système de mesure dans la lutte contre le sida s’est construit et dans un deuxième temps comment les mesures ont circulé à l’intersection du global et du local ; formant ce que nous appelons une économie scripturaire. La réflexion s’articule donc autour de deux axes. Un premier qui présentera la mise en place des pratiques, des outils de connaissances et de mesure de l’infection par le VIH en RCA. Un deuxième abordera plus particulièrement les effets inattendus des usages de la mesure : de la performance à la perte du « sens de la mesure » avec le gel des financements d’un programme vital

    Fibroblast growth factor signaling in skeletal development and disease

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    Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored

    Automated fluvial hydromorphology mapping from airborne remote sensing

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    Mapping fluvial hydromorphology is an important part of defining river habitat. Mappingvia field sampling or hydraulic modelingis however time consuming, and mappinghydromorphology directly from remote sensing data may offer an efficient solution.Here, we present a system for automated classification of fluvial hydromorphologybased on a deep learning classification scheme applied to aerial orthophotos. Usingselected rivers in Norway, we show how surface flow patterns (smooth or rippled sur-faces vs. standing waves) can be classified in imagery using a trained convolutional neu-ral network (achieving a training and validation accuracy of >95%). We show howintegration of these classified surface flow patterns with information on channel gradi-ent, obtained from airborne topographic LiDAR data, can be used to compartmentalizethe rivers into hydromorphological units(HMUs) that represent the dominant flow fea-tures. Automated classifications were broadly consistent with manual classifications thathad been made in previous ground surveys, with equivalency in automated and manu-ally derived HMU classes ranging from 61.5% to 87.7%, depending on the river stretchconsidered. They were found to be discharge-dependent, showing the temporallydynamic aspect of hydromorphology. The proposed system is quick, flexible, generaliz-able, and provides consistent classifications free from interpretation bias. The deeplearning approach used here can be customized to provide more detailed information onflow features, such as delineating between standing waves and advective diffusion ofair bubbles/foam, to provide a more refined classification of surface flow patterns, andthe classification approach can be furtheradvanced by inclusion of additional remotesensing methods that provide further information on hydromorphological features.publishedVersio

    A physically-based parsimonious hydrological model for flash floods in Mediterranean catchments

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    A spatially distributed hydrological model, dedicated to flood simulation, is developed on the basis of physical process representation (infiltration, overland flow, channel routing). Estimation of model parameters requires data concerning topography, soil properties, vegetation and land use. Four parameters are calibrated for the entire catchment using one flood event. Model sensitivity to individual parameters is assessed using Monte-Carlo simulations. Results of this sensitivity analysis with a criterion based on the Nash efficiency coefficient and the error of peak time and runoff are used to calibrate the model. This procedure is tested on the Gardon d'Anduze catchment, located in the Mediterranean zone of southern France. A first validation is conducted using three flood events with different hydrometeorological characteristics. This sensitivity analysis along with validation tests illustrates the predictive capability of the model and points out the possible improvements on the model's structure and parameterization for flash flood forecasting, especially in ungauged basins. Concerning the model structure, results show that water transfer through the subsurface zone also contributes to the hydrograph response to an extreme event, especially during the recession period. Maps of soil saturation emphasize the impact of rainfall and soil properties variability on these dynamics. Adding a subsurface flow component in the simulation also greatly impacts the spatial distribution of soil saturation and shows the importance of the drainage network. Measures of such distributed variables would help discriminating between different possible model structures

    La mesure des angles au BNM-LNE : création d'une nouvelle référence de mesure angulaire

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    The object of this article is to present the angular reference plate developed by the BNM-LNE. After having presented the angular standards we draw the purposes to reach for an angular reference instrument. The principle of two encoders' errors elimination is presented with the solution carried out to free itself from under sampling defaults inherent to this measuring principle. Presentation of the assessment of uncertainties and its result of a standard uncertainty of ± 0.04" for the measurement of angular polygons are validated by the participation at the comparative survey EUROMET 37

    Le rôle attribué à l'altérité derrière l'acte de gérer son apparence au moyen d'objets de mode et/ou de luxe : un horizon intentionnel

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    Cette recherche vise à répondre à un double objectif. D'une part, nous tentons de délimiter les contenus symboliques, intentionnels et communicationnels qui sont subjacents à l'acte de gérer son apparence au moyen d'objets de luxe et/ou à la mode. Et d'autre part, nous cherchons à apprendre comment se présente l'Altérité à la conscience des individus qui effectuent une médiation avec lesdits objets de parure. L'approche de cette recherche se veut, avant tout, compréhensive. Elle implique le domaine de la subjectivité et plus précisément l'interprétation que se font certains individus du monde et des objets qui les entourent. Nous adhérons donc à ce postulat qui conçoit que : « le fait social n'est pas un objet stable, il est produit de l'activité continuelle des hommes, qui mettent en œuvre des savoir-faire, des procédures, des règles de conduites, bref une méthodologie profane » (Coulon, 1997: 19). À partir de l'analyse discursive de données recueillies via des entretiens semi-dirigés, nous avons approfondi : 1) la relation symbolique que des femmes entretenaient avec leur identité, les objets de parure qu'elles possèdent et les Autres qui les entourent; 2) les motifs intentionnels et communicationnels de la pratique sociale ciblée. Nous concluons que l'intention derrière l'organisation du paraître est de rejoindre une forme allusive de soi et où la nécessité d'être perçu s'avère fondamentale. Nos conclusions permettent d'envisager l'appropriation des objets de mode et de luxe tel un accompagnement de soi. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : apparence, altérité, luxe, médiation, mode, phénoménologie

    Le traitement de l'oubli : épreuve de l'incorporation des antirétroviraux et temporalités des traitements du sida en Centrafrique

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    Réalisé en co-tutelle avec le laboratoire Santé-Individu-Société, Ecole doctorale Interdisciplinaire Sciences et Santé, Université de Lyon, avec l'obtention du grade de docteur en sociologie.Cette thèse propose une description ethnographique et une analyse sociologique de l’arrivée des traitements antirétroviraux (ARV) à Bangui, c’est-à-dire de cette rencontre singulière entre un programme international à l’ampleur inédite et une société locale durement touchée par l’infection. S’appuyant sur trois années de terrain entre 2005 et 2011, la démarche qualitative vise à répondre à la question suivante : de quoi les antirétroviraux sont-ils vraiment l’incorporation ? Les programmes d’accès au traitement constituent un pouvoir thérapeutique qui se structure comme une « politique de la vie » mettant en lien ARV, ONG et une histoire postcoloniale. La distance entre les prétentions et les réalités du pouvoir thérapeutique explique les ambivalences ressenties lors de l’incorporation biologique et sociale des ARV. Le pouvoir thérapeutique dans le contexte social centrafricain se caractériserait alors moins par des formes exclusivement biomédicales de subjectivité, que par un processus d’individuation fragmenté, basé sur des pratiques biomédicales souples, démonstratives et oublieuses. Il apparaît alors clairement que les programmes internationaux de traitement de l’infection à VIH contribuent à produire de l’oubli ou plus précisément à écrire l’oubli à partir des « pratiques scriptuaires »: l’oubli des histoires individuelles enchâssées dans des inégalités sociales insurmontables, mais aussi l’oubli d’une Histoire plus longue qui montre que l’infection à VIH est l’incorporation d’un passé colonial. Prendre un temps pour reconnaître ces temporalités du traitement paraît alors de plus en plus nécessaire pour construire un présent qui émancipe, plutôt qu’il ne répète.This thesis proposes an ethnographic description and a sociological analysis of the arrival of antiretroviral (ARV) in Bangui. It highlights the encounter between an international program with an unprecedented scale and a local society hardly hit by the HIV infection. The qualitative approach, based on three years of fieldwork from 2005 to 2011, aims at answering the following question: what are ARVs really the incorporation of? Treatment programs represent a therapeutic power that is structured as a « politics of life » linking medicines, NGOs and postcolonial history. The distance between the claims and the realities of therapeutic power explains the ambivalence felt in the biological and social inclusion though ARVs. Eventually, we observe that the therapeutic power in the Central African social context is less characterized by exclusive biomedical forms of subjectivity than by a fragmented process of individuation based on flexible, demonstrative and forgetful biomedical practices It appears then increasingly clear that international programs for the treatment of HIV infection contribute to produce oblivion or more precisely write oblivion with "scriptural practices", which is to say the oblivion of individual stories embedded in insurmountable social inequality, but also the omission of a longer history which shows that HIV infection is the incorporation of a colonial past. Taking time to recognize these temporalities of treatment then appears increasingly necessary to build a present that empowers, rather than repeats

    Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Cysteine Ligands to the [4Fe−4S] Cluster of Escherichia coli MutY †

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    International audienceThe Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme MutY plays an important role in the recognition and repair of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine:2′-deoxyadenosine (OG:A) mismatches in DNA [Michaels et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 7022-7025]. MutY prevents DNA mutations resulting from the misincorporation of A opposite OG by using N-glycosylase activity to remove the adenine base. An interesting feature of MutY is that it contains a [4Fe-4S] 2+ cluster that has been shown to play an important role in substrate recognition [Porello, S. L., Cannon, M. J., David, S. S. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 6465-6475]. Herein, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to individually replace the cysteine ligands to the [4Fe-4S] 2+ cluster of E. coli MutY with serine, histidine, and alanine. The extent to which the various mutations reduce the levels of protein overexpression suggests that coordination of the [4Fe-4S] 2+ cluster provides stability to MutY in vivo. The ability of the mutated enzymes to bind to a substrate analogue DNA duplex and their in vivo activity were evaluated. Remarkably, the effects are both substitution and position dependent. For example, replacement of cysteine 199 with histidine provides a mutated enzyme that is expressed at high levels and exhibits DNA binding and in vivo activity similar to the WT enzyme. These results suggest that histidine coordination to the iron-sulfur cluster may be accommodated at this position in MutY. In contrast, replacement of cysteine 192 with histidine results in less efficient DNA binding and in vivo activity compared to the WT enzyme without affecting levels of overexpression. The results from the site-directed mutagenesis suggest that the structural properties of the iron-sulfur cluster coordination domain are important for both substrate DNA recognition and the in vivo activity of MutY
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