‘Health Data Saves Lives’, But Which Lives?: The Non-Imagination of Ecological Peril in Precision Medicine

Precision medicine is a field of future promise. Its imaginary is that ‘health data saves lives’. But which lives and at what costs? In this position piece, we direct attention to how non-imagination (Prainsack 2022) operates in the field of precision medicine. We argue that central actors in the field, along with social scientists researching it, non-imagine the relevance of environmental collapse to the pursuit of precision medicine, despite its huge energy consumption and focus on prolonging human lives in places that contribute the most to climate change. This non-imagination raises questions about how we as medical anthropologists approach and theorise the ‘life politics’ at the centre of anthropological studies of the life sciences. In light of the current ecological peril, we advocate for extending the discipline’s focus from the governance of life in politics, labs, and clinics to the governance of ‘earth-life’

​​Fixing Unfixable Bodies​: Expectations and Metaphors of the Body Among Patients and Surgeons in Elective Orthopaedic Surgery in Denmark

In this article we examine how patients of elective orthopaedic surgery might transform the understanding of their body’s fixability over time. The article builds on an ethnographic fieldwork at an elective orthopaedic unit in Denmark and follow-up interviews with two patients eighteen months after their surgery. Through the affective theoretical framework of Lauren Berlant’s Cruel Optimism, we discuss how the patients experience the part-loss of functionality. We trace the transformations in their expectations of their body through their use of metaphors. Drawing on Alan Bleakley’s division of the metaphors of the body into ‘body-as-machine’ and ‘body-as-ecology’, we argue that patients end up describing their bodies through both these metaphors, and come to understand their bodies as not being fixable, but as being in ongoing process.

The Role of Affective Labour in Expertise: Bringing Emotions Back into Expert Practices

In recent years, a lot of scholarly attention has been devoted to how practices of digitalisation and datafication require medical professionals to work together with different stakeholders, and to how such collaborations shape expertise (Stevens, Wehrens, and de Bont 2020; Carboni et al. 2024). STS scholars have generally approached expertise as an epistemic and social endeavor, but they have tended to neglect the role affects and emotions play in its development and performance.  In this paper, we provide a theoretical reflection on the relation between affective labour and expertise building upon Egher’s (2023) conceptualisation of expertise as a practical achievement realised through coordination and affective labour. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in various medical settings, including digital pathology, psychiatry, and datafication in intensive care, we explore what types of affective labour are conducted in digital healthcare, by whom, and with what consequences. We show how affective labour mediates both epistemic and relational practices. We argue that different affects and emotions are mobilised in these practices, which impacts the development and effective performance of expertise.

Making Visible the Expertise of Data Workers in AI-Driven Healthcare: A Call to Action

Data constitute a crucial resource in healthcare systems increasingly reliant on digital technologies powered by artificial intelligence (AI). However, before these technologies can be used, they need to be ‘trained’ on large datasets assembled by individuals often working from home utilising their expertise to ensure that technologies work as they are designed to. Amidst recent enthusiasm for the adoption of AI in healthcare, little attention has been paid to the expertise and plight of these data workers. As I argue in this position piece, researchers have an important role to play in analysing and bringing to public attention the expertise possessed by those who curate content needed to power AI in healthcare and the affective demands and potential harms they face in undertaking this work. I discuss recent efforts to address the working conditions of data workers in general and suggest that the International Labour Organization could help develop standards, policies and programs to protect these individuals. As I conclude, making visible the expertise of data workers in healthcare will assist to both improve their lives and increase public awareness of the fact that AI would not exist without their contributions

​​Reconfiguring Psy Expertise in the Digital Age​: Two Cases from India

Mental health platforms and apps provide technologies and techniques for self-work, diagnosis, and management of everyday crises. Therapeutic interventions designed to work outside the clinic, they distribute and reconfigure psy expertise. Using the cases of a chatbot-based mental health app and a digital mental health platform, both developed in Bengaluru, India, this article ethnographically attends to new forms of expertise that emerge within digital mental health ecologies. What does it mean when software specialists, AI programmers, or conversational designers emerge as novel experts in mental health care, along with psychologists? How do they build on or depart from more conventional forms of expertise? How is psy expertise enacted in these spaces? Psy technologists, I argue, engage conventional psy expertise, even while establishing their psy technological expertise as alternative, sometimes even superior, ways of responding to emotional crises and mental distress. I first turn to the ways psy technologists conceive of mental health as a technical problem, reconfiguring mental health expertise. Next, I delineate some of the practices through which they enact expertise: engaging (and contesting) psychological expertise and conducting clinical trials. Finally, I investigate what it means to care for mental health digitally.

MAT Editorial

Editorial for the Spring issue, 2025

Normative Language and Judgements of Cognition: A Methodological Reflection on Difficult Sign Language Interactions

In this article, I investigate the case of a deaf woman, Silivia, who lived in western Uganda. Silivia did not use standardised sign language and was commonly considered to be ‘mad.’ However, some of her interlocutors disagreed, arguing that perceptions of madness arose because those around Silivia did not invest enough in attempting to communicate with her. I use experiential and analytical reflection on the methodological challenges of working with Silivia to explore what difficult moments tell us about how communication and everyday assessments of cognitive function are mutually implicated for deaf people in Uganda. Adopting a theoretical approach that understands languaging as a collective or distributed process, I argue that comprehensibility is not something that is determined by the qualities of a person’s expression, but rather something that happens to and through communication, mediated through social and environmental constraints. These include normative linguistic ideologies and frames of comprehensibility that may encode ableist expectations (for example, that ‘good’ communication is quick and efficient). In this context, I argue, interpretative difficulties that arise in the use of less conventionalised forms of visual languaging make some deaf people particularly subject to stigmatisation

Anthropology of Toxicity

Uncertainty, disavowal, forgetting, and stigmatisation are common responses to toxicity: dumping grounds are habitually portrayed as ‘strange, alien spaces with no comprehensive histories’ (Little and Akese 2024). How can we best face this strangeness? What are the methodological and theoretical tools we would need to do so? Three recent volumes offer provocations for anthropologists of toxicity from phenomenological, activist, and heritage management standpoints

​​Against Image Positivism​: The Potentials for Play as a Mode of Health Research

Images are increasingly used in health research as a complement to discursive methods, to elicit more and different types of knowledge and experience from participants. The use of image-based research, such as drawing and photography, then, holds promises for understanding health in new ways. However, such promises fall short when researchers and audiences treat images as realist representations of participants’ lives. Images are never clear representations of an objective reality- this is not their value either during or after research. In this photo essay, we show and discuss how we countered image positivism in the PHRAME study, Photographing Health by Rural Adolescents in the Midwest. The photos shown in this essay take viewers into our interviews in PHRAME and then out to our modes of audience engagement. Throughout, play served as a critical orientation and form of listening. We show this, first, through glimpses into our interviews, where we engaged in play that transformed meanings of photos taken by the young people. Then we show how we engaged public health, academic audiences, and popular audiences of the young people’s photos in play where audiences were invited to co-produce meaning through interactive activities, rather than reading to extract meaning from the photos. In conclusion, we suggest that play as a mode of research and exchange holds transformative potential, taking health research beyond the image positivism that has constrained the methodology to expand visions of what health is and might be.

Psychiatric Care as an Other-than-Human Entanglement: Anthropological Reflections on Forest Therapy

What can we learn about the therapeutic landscapes of in-patient psychiatric care by focusing on the invisible, the seemingly unimportant? To explore how mental affliction and caregiving acts are connected to other-than-human dimensions and sensory experience, I analyse the role of trees and forests in a Swiss in-patient psychiatric clinic. Using ethnographic vignettes and introducing the forest as a therapeutic landscape, I discuss the role of trees in a ward’s day-to-day life, a psychiatric sufferer’s modes of self-perception in the forest, and a physiotherapist’s active ‘tinkering’. My central argument addresses a problematic element in the research on psychiatric care in Switzerland: it is largely devoid of anthropological attentiveness to sensory perception and the atmospheric. I propose an alternative view where the experiences of illness, recovery, and violence are fundamentally co-created by a sensory context—including its marginalised, nonhuman, and atmospheric dimensions—and a conceptual framework informed by an anthropological adaption of feminist notions of ‘matters of care’ as well as sensory and ecological anthropology.