11 research outputs found
Nur-u Osmaniye Camii'nin Temel İnşaatı
Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı mimarlık tarihinde bir dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilen ve döneminin en önemli temsilcisi sayılan Nur-u Osmaniye Camii’nin temel inşaatı ele alınmaktadır. Temel inşaatından önce yapılan hafriyat çalışmalarından başlayarak yer altı suyunun tespit edilmesi, temellerin altına ahşap kazıkların çakılması, kazıkların üzerine ızgara ve horasan-moloz karışımı rıhtımın inşa edilmesi ve sonrasında yapı temellerinin inşaatı bu kapsamda incelenmiştir. Cami'nin inşaatı sırasında yazılan “Tarih-i Cami-i Şerif-i Nur-î Osmanî” isimli risale başta olmak üzere, tarihi kaynaklar, arşiv belgeleri, yakın dönem yapılarından elde edilen veriler irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca yapının onarım sürecinde açığa çıkan güncel yapısal veriler ile 18. ve 19.yy Avrupa'sında kullanılan temel sistemleri ile karşılaştırmalı incelenerek elde edilen sonuçlar aktarılmıştır
The Original Synthesis of New Construction Technologies in the Beginnings of 20th Century: Architect Kemaleddin’s Vakif Han I and Hennebique System
On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yapım teknolojisinde yaşanan önemli gelişmelerin Osmanlı başkentinde etkisini göstermesi için
20. yüzyılın başlarını beklemek gerekmiştir. Yapım teknolojisi açısından bir geçiş dönemi olarak nitelendirilebilecek o yılların önemli isimlerinden birisi olan Mimar Kemaleddin, tasarlayıp inşa ettiği binalarında dönemin gelişen yapım teknolojilerinden ustalıkla faydalanmış
ve mimari üslubunda olduğu gibi yapım tekniği açısından da özgün eserler ortaya koymuştur. Vakıf hanlar dizisinin ilki olan I. Vakıf Han,
barındırdığı kârgir, erken betonarme (Hennebique) ve çelik taşıyıcılarla dönemin tüm yapı malzemesi ve tekniklerini sentezleyen önemli
bir eserdir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, arşivlerden elde edilen özgün projeler ile mevcut bina karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş ve binanın
özgünlüğünü koruduğu gözlenmiştir. Özgün projeler ve yerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalı incelemeler sonucunda, binanın yapımında kârgir,
erken betonarme (Hennebique Sistem) ve çelikle oluşturulmuş kompozit elemanların kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Karma bir taşıyıcı sisteme
sahip olan I. Vakıf Han, sadece üslubu ve mimarisiyle değil, aynı zamanda kullanılan yapım teknikleriyle de korunması gerekli özgün niteliklere sahip bir kültür varlığıdır. Bununla birlikte son zamanlarda önemli işlev değişikliklerine sahne olan dönem yapılarında kullanılan
özgün ve ender nitelikteki yapım teknolojileri yenilenerek kaybedilmektedir. Osmanlı’nın geç dönem mimarisindeki değişime aracılık etmiş olan geçiş dönemine ait binaların inşaatında kullanılan yapım tekniklerinin irdelenmesi yoluyla dönem yapılarının daha iyi anlaşılması,
bu tekniklerin özgün haliyle korunabilmesi adına farkındalık oluşturması ve korunması için teşvik edici bilgiler sunması sebebiyle koruma
alanına katkılar sağlamaktadır.During the second half of the 19th century in Europe, to take effect in the Ottoman capital, Istanbul, it was necessary to wait for the beginning of the 20th
century for the important developments in construction technology. Architect Kemaleddin, one of the important names of those years, which can be
described as a transition period in terms of construction technology, skillfully benefited from the developing construction technologies in the buildings he
designed, built, and produced original works in terms of construction technique as well as in the architectural style. As the first of the series of foundation
inns, Vakıf Han I is an attractive work that synthesizes all available building materials and construction techniques of the period with its masonry, early
reinforced concrete (Hennebique System), and steel elements. At the beginning of the 20th century, generally mixed construction techniques were used in
such buildings which were built in Eminönü and Galata regions where a rapid urban transformation process was witnessed because of the developing
maritime transport and international trade. However, there are not many studies about these buildings which are important documents of the construction techniques of the period, that enlightened the design approaches on how these techniques were used together. To protect the unique character of the
buildings and as well as the period, detailed researches are needed to illuminate the construction details as well as building materials, but there are also
some difficulties and limitations in conducting on-site research in such building which are usually in use. In this study, Vakif Han I is investigated in terms
of new construction technologies in the beginnings of 20th century. The characterization of the original building techniques used and identification of the
structural system are the purpose of the study to help for developing sustainable conservation strategies. Furthermore, the environment in which the building emerged is discussed in terms of developments in construction technologies. The structural design approaches of the period are examined through the
original documents and projects obtained from the archive. The construction techniques used in the building are described by tracing the original projects
in the building. The original projects of the building have been compared with the existing building by in situ observations. As a result of the comparison of
original projects and existing building, it was obtained that, all available building materials and construction techniques of the period such as stone and
brick masonry, early reinforced concrete (Hennebique System), and structural steel were used in Vakıf Han I, which reached today by preserving its originality. Moreover, it is determined that traditional masonry work and modern composite structural elements made of reinforced concrete (Hennebique System)
and structural steel profiles were used in the construction of the building. The main structural system of the building consists of stone and brick masonry
walls, early reinforced concrete (Hennebique) and composite (RC and steel) columns and beams, and as well as ribbed composite slabs. When the original
projects in the archive and the existing building are compared, it is determined that the building was built completely in accordance with its projects. The
contemporary conservation method accepts the approach of protecting buildings not only in terms of their architecture, art, and functions but also as a
document reflecting the materials, building techniques, and construction technologies of the period they were built. Considering this approach, Vakif Han
I is an original synthesis of the new construction technologies such as traditional masonry, early reinforced concrete (Hennebique System), structural steel,
and composite structural elements in the beginning of the 20th century of Istanbul. Because of having an original mixed structural system and unifying the
traditional and the modern, Vakif Han I is an important cultural asset with its unique characteristics that should be protected not only with its style and
architecture but also with the rare construction techniques used. However, the original construction technologies used in the buildings of the period are
being renewed and lost because of having recently functional changes under the pressure of tourism. Examining the construction techniques used in the
buildings belonging to the transition period, which mediated the change in the late period architecture of the Ottoman Empire, provides a better understanding and contributes to the field of conservation to develop sustainable protection strategies of similar buildings by creating awareness to preserve the
original techniques in their original design and provide encouraging information and aspects for their protection
Composition and Phase Analysis on Glazed Tiles of Southeast Anatolia: Production Process Identification
The analytical characterization of cultural heritage materials has a great importance in terms of gaining the scientific knowledge which provides guidance for conservation applications covering the re-integration and re-production processes needed in protection. In this study, the glazed tile samples of a 15th century monument located in southeast Anatolia are investigated and a comprehensive archaeometric data for restoration and conservation is created. XRF and EDX were used to reveal the chemical composition of tile bodies and particularly the glazes. SEM and petrography analyses were employed to examine the micro and macro structural features of the bodies, respectively. Samples were exposed to X-ray diffraction for characterization of the mineral/phase contents. Furthermore, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry were the complementary methods. The mineralogical content of the samples suggested a firing temperature of ca 850-900oC. The chemical composition of the tile fabrics indicated use of calcareous raw materials due to relatively high CaO content. It was deduced that the alkaline and lead oxides were the main components of the glazes, with low lead oxide (˂5 wt.%) for the samples PS-2, PS-4, PS-5 and PS-6. It was also seen that the blue/green turquoise colors were obtained with copper, whereas blue itself was due to cobalt. Tin was occasionally detected in chemical composition of some glazed surfaces, and its presence was mostly attributed to the purpose of gaining opaqueness
An Enhanced Indirect Video-Based Measurement Procedure for Dynamic Structural System Identification Applications
A video-based indirect sensing procedure for dynamic identification purposes is presented. To overcome major
limitations of video-based methods in real on-site measurements, a novel three step pre-modification, magnification, post-modification process is developed. This process includes revision of the initial input video record in
order to delete disturbing objects, utilizing a magnification method to filter the frequency content of the
monitored motion and using a revision step for elimination of noises generated during magnification process.
Finally, a set of digital signal and image processing analyses are performed on the modified video using virtual
visual sensor technology. Based on the results of this research, motion signals of the monitored object are
detected. The proposed approach has been used for identification of dynamic characteristics of two historic
masonry minarets in Istanbul. Results shows that the proposed procedure is able to assess the dynamic characteristics of the monitored structure with a high-level of accuracy
In Situ Dynamic System Identification of Historic Masonry Monuments Based on Non-destructiveTesting
Istanbul is home to numerous architectural heritage which are in a great variety built by Byzantine and Ottoman period. On the other hand, cultural heritage
buildings are faced with serious earthquake risks which require the investigation
of the structural behaviour of cultural heritage buildings and the taking of necessary conservation measures to preserve and transfer them to the future in a
sustainable way. This article describes an experimental in-situ investigation of an
18th century historic masonry monument, Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque in Istanbul
by the non-destructive testing. Dynamic system identification study based on operational modal analysis (OMA) tests which include two different test setups in
terms of locations and numbers of accelerometers. The extracted dynamic parameters of structure such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and as well as damping
ratios obtained from two different test setups compared. In addition, the results of
non-destructive in-situ tests used for the 3D Finite Element (FE) model updating
by comparing and calibrating numerical and experimental characteristics. The
paper presents an in situ dynamic identification procedure of an historic masonry
monument based on operational modal analysis and compares dynamic properties obtained from experimental and numerical studies and gives the results of FE
model updating of the structure
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Historical Masonry Structures Using in-situ Flat-Jack Test
Tarihi eserlerde ve aynı zamanda yeni yapılarda, yapıda
gerçekleştirilecek müdahalenin kapsamını ve sınırlarını
belirleyecek olan en önemli parametrelerden birisi taşıyıcı
elemanların dayanımıdır. Dayanımın ise dış yükler etkisiyle
ortaya çıkan içi kuvvetten daha büyük olması sağlanmalıdır.
Bu sebeple taşıyıcı elemanların dayanımının makul bir yaklaşım
ve yaklaşıklıkla belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Ancak, bazı
durumlarda ülkemizdeki tarihi yapı uygulamalarında, yapıyı
oluşturan duvar, kemer, tonoz gibi elemanların basınç dayanımı,
kayma dayanımı, elastisite modülü gibi mekanik parametreler
belirlenmeden, bazı kabullere dayalı hesaplamalar
yapılmaktadır. Bu kabuller, yapıya gereğinden fazla yapısal
müdahale yapılmasına neden olabileceği gibi, bazen yetersiz
müdahalelere de sebep olabilmektedir. Bu makalede tarihi
yığma yapıların basınç dayanımı, elastisite modülü ve poisson
oranı gibi mekanik parametrelerin belirlenmesi amacıyla
yapı üzerinde gerçekleştirilen ve literatürde hafif tahribatlı
veya yarı tahribatlı olarak tanımlanan ve yapıda kolayca
tamir edilebilir nitelikte hafif bir hasar oluşturan flat-jack
deneyi ve ülkemizdeki bir tarihi camide uygulanması ve sonuçları
hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir.The strength of the structural elements is very important
parameter to determine the limits and extent of structural
interventions in both historical and modern buildings. It
have to be provided that, the strength must be greater than
internal forces as a result of external loads. For this reason,
the strength of structural elements has to be obtained with
a reasonable approach and precision. However, in some
implementations of historical structures in our country,
the interventions are going on with some hypothesis but
without any determination of the mechanical parameters of
structural elements such as walls, arches and vaults. Furthermore,
sometimes the hypothesis about the mechanical
properties of structures causes over intervention or inadequate
intervention problems. The paper gives information
about flat-jack test which is named as semi-destructive test
to determine the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity
and poisson ratio of historical masonry structures. Also the
paper discusses the results of a flat-jack test results of a
case study in Turkey and compares the with laboratory test
results
The Contributions of Victor Hugo on Architectural Conservation Idea and His Essay “War on Demolishers”
Fransız İhtilali’nin yıkımları ve Endüstri Devrimi’nin şehirlerde başlattığı dönüşümün
etkisiyle tarihî anıtların uğradığı tahribata karşı Fransa’da yükselen tenkitlerin
önemli isimlerinden birisi olan Victor Hugo, bazı eserlerinin ana temasını o dönemdeki
yıkımlara karşı verdiği mücadele etrafında kurgulamıştı. İngiltere’deki çağdaşı John
Ruskin ile benzer düşünceleri Fransa’da dile getiren Hugo, bilinçsiz ve tartışmalı restorasyon
uygulamalarına karşı da sesini yükseltenlerin başında geliyordu. Yaptığı ayrıntılı
tasvirlerle anıtların yazılı bir belgelemesini yapan Hugo’nun eserlerinde mimari anıtlar
geniş yer tutmakta, tarih ve kültüre karşı duyarlılığını her fırsatta dile getirdiği satırları,
sanat eserlerine hak ettikleri saygıyı göstermeye teşvik ederken çağdaş koruma düşüncesinin
ortaya çıkışına da katkı sağlamaktaydı. Edebiyatını bir belgeleme ve mücadele
aracı olarak kullanan Hugo, Notre Dame’ın Kamburu romanı ve Yıkıcılarla Savaş isimli
makalesiyle geniş kitlelerin dikkatini çekmişti. Bu çalışmada, Hugo’nun eserlerinde mi mari koruma hakkındaki düşünceleri ve bu alana katkıları ele alınmış, Yıkıcılarla Savaş
isimli makalesi dilimize kazandırılmış ve uluslararası koruma ilkeleri ve günümüzdeki
bazı koruma tartışmalarıyla ilişkilendirilerek irdelenmiştir.In the 19th century, Victor Hugo was one of the important names of the criticisms that
rose in France against the destruction of historical monuments due to the demolition of
the French Revolution and the transformation in cities initiated by the Industrial Revolution.
Hugo, set the main theme of some of his works around his struggle against the destruction
that took place at that time, as his contemporary John Ruskin in England. Historic
monuments occupied a large place in Hugo’s texts, and he also made well written documentation
of the monuments with his detailed descriptions, encouraging the sensitivity
to history and culture at every opportunity to show the respect they deserve to artworks,
while also contributing to the emergence of contemporary conservation idea. Using his
literature as a means of documentation and struggle, Hugo attracted the attention of the
masses with his novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame and also his essay War on Demolishers.
In this study, Hugo’s ideas and contributions on architectural conservation in his
works were discussed, his essay War on Demolishers was translated into Turkish, and it
is correlated with today’s conservation debates and international conservation principles
Determination Of The Earthquake Performance Of Historical Masonry Structures
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2008Bu çalışmada, tarihi yığma yapıların deprem performansının belirlenmesinde ve yapısal değerlendirme sürecinde izlenmesi gereken metot ve yaklaşımlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu kapsamda, koruma kavramı ve tarihi mirasın korunması konusuna değinilmiş, koruma ilkeleri ve hedefler incelenmiştir. Yapısal değerlendirme öncesi yapılacak hazırlık çalışmaları tarihi araştırmalar, yerinde gözlem ve ölçümler, malzeme ve zemin özelliklerinin belirlenmesi başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca tarihi yığma yapıların modellenmesi üzerinde durulmuş, yapısal idealleştirmeler, kabuller, modelleme teknikleri, yığma yapı elemanlarının modellenmesi ve yığma yapı davranışı ile analiz yöntemleri incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte örnek olarak seçilen, 17. yy Osmanlı yapısı olan Hırka-i Şerif Camii detaylı olarak incelenmiş, camii hakkında yapılan araştırmalara yer verilmiş, yapının üç boyutlu sonlu eleman modeli kurularak statik ve dinamik analizler vasıtasıyla yapısal güvenliği ile deprem performansı değerlendirilmiş ve güçlendirme önerileri üzerinde durulmuştur.In this study, structural assessment, determination of the earthquake performance and rehabilitation process of historical masonry structures has been investigated. Assessment methodology and different approaches, the concept and the principles of conservation are discussed. The observations required before structural assessment, were researched in topics of historical researches, in-situ observations, determination masonry material properties and soil investigations. Furthermore, the modeling techniques of historical masonry structures, idealizations, assumptions, different modeling techniques, modeling the elements of masonry structures, behaviors of masonry structures and analysis methods has been investigated. In addition, as a numerical investigation Hirka-i Sharif Mosque of Istanbul is investigated in detail. The structural system of the mosque was analyzed by using 3D model under static and dynamic loads to determine the earthquake performance of the structure and the results of analyses, requirements and suggestions of strengthening of the Hirka-i Sharif Mosque are discussed.Yüksek LisansM.Sc