Nur-u Osmaniye Camii'nin Temel İnşaatı

Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı mimarlık tarihinde bir dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilen ve döneminin en önemli temsilcisi sayılan Nur-u Osmaniye Camii’nin temel inşaatı ele alınmaktadır. Temel inşaatından önce yapılan hafriyat çalışmalarından başlayarak yer altı suyunun tespit edilmesi, temellerin altına ahşap kazıkların çakılması, kazıkların üzerine ızgara ve horasan-moloz karışımı rıhtımın inşa edilmesi ve sonrasında yapı temellerinin inşaatı bu kapsamda incelenmiştir. Cami'nin inşaatı sırasında yazılan “Tarih-i Cami-i Şerif-i Nur-î Osmanî” isimli risale başta olmak üzere, tarihi kaynaklar, arşiv belgeleri, yakın dönem yapılarından elde edilen veriler irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca yapının onarım sürecinde açığa çıkan güncel yapısal veriler ile 18. ve 19.yy Avrupa'sında kullanılan temel sistemleri ile karşılaştırmalı incelenerek elde edilen sonuçlar aktarılmıştır

Prof. Dr. Ahmet ERSEN’in Aziz Hatırasına…

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The Original Synthesis of New Construction Technologies in the Beginnings of 20th Century: Architect Kemaleddin’s Vakif Han I and Hennebique System

On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yapım teknolojisinde yaşanan önemli gelişmelerin Osmanlı başkentinde etkisini göstermesi için 20. yüzyılın başlarını beklemek gerekmiştir. Yapım teknolojisi açısından bir geçiş dönemi olarak nitelendirilebilecek o yılların önemli isimlerinden birisi olan Mimar Kemaleddin, tasarlayıp inşa ettiği binalarında dönemin gelişen yapım teknolojilerinden ustalıkla faydalanmış ve mimari üslubunda olduğu gibi yapım tekniği açısından da özgün eserler ortaya koymuştur. Vakıf hanlar dizisinin ilki olan I. Vakıf Han, barındırdığı kârgir, erken betonarme (Hennebique) ve çelik taşıyıcılarla dönemin tüm yapı malzemesi ve tekniklerini sentezleyen önemli bir eserdir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, arşivlerden elde edilen özgün projeler ile mevcut bina karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş ve binanın özgünlüğünü koruduğu gözlenmiştir. Özgün projeler ve yerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalı incelemeler sonucunda, binanın yapımında kârgir, erken betonarme (Hennebique Sistem) ve çelikle oluşturulmuş kompozit elemanların kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Karma bir taşıyıcı sisteme sahip olan I. Vakıf Han, sadece üslubu ve mimarisiyle değil, aynı zamanda kullanılan yapım teknikleriyle de korunması gerekli özgün niteliklere sahip bir kültür varlığıdır. Bununla birlikte son zamanlarda önemli işlev değişikliklerine sahne olan dönem yapılarında kullanılan özgün ve ender nitelikteki yapım teknolojileri yenilenerek kaybedilmektedir. Osmanlı’nın geç dönem mimarisindeki değişime aracılık etmiş olan geçiş dönemine ait binaların inşaatında kullanılan yapım tekniklerinin irdelenmesi yoluyla dönem yapılarının daha iyi anlaşılması, bu tekniklerin özgün haliyle korunabilmesi adına farkındalık oluşturması ve korunması için teşvik edici bilgiler sunması sebebiyle koruma alanına katkılar sağlamaktadır.During the second half of the 19th century in Europe, to take effect in the Ottoman capital, Istanbul, it was necessary to wait for the beginning of the 20th century for the important developments in construction technology. Architect Kemaleddin, one of the important names of those years, which can be described as a transition period in terms of construction technology, skillfully benefited from the developing construction technologies in the buildings he designed, built, and produced original works in terms of construction technique as well as in the architectural style. As the first of the series of foundation inns, Vakıf Han I is an attractive work that synthesizes all available building materials and construction techniques of the period with its masonry, early reinforced concrete (Hennebique System), and steel elements. At the beginning of the 20th century, generally mixed construction techniques were used in such buildings which were built in Eminönü and Galata regions where a rapid urban transformation process was witnessed because of the developing maritime transport and international trade. However, there are not many studies about these buildings which are important documents of the construction techniques of the period, that enlightened the design approaches on how these techniques were used together. To protect the unique character of the buildings and as well as the period, detailed researches are needed to illuminate the construction details as well as building materials, but there are also some difficulties and limitations in conducting on-site research in such building which are usually in use. In this study, Vakif Han I is investigated in terms of new construction technologies in the beginnings of 20th century. The characterization of the original building techniques used and identification of the structural system are the purpose of the study to help for developing sustainable conservation strategies. Furthermore, the environment in which the building emerged is discussed in terms of developments in construction technologies. The structural design approaches of the period are examined through the original documents and projects obtained from the archive. The construction techniques used in the building are described by tracing the original projects in the building. The original projects of the building have been compared with the existing building by in situ observations. As a result of the comparison of original projects and existing building, it was obtained that, all available building materials and construction techniques of the period such as stone and brick masonry, early reinforced concrete (Hennebique System), and structural steel were used in Vakıf Han I, which reached today by preserving its originality. Moreover, it is determined that traditional masonry work and modern composite structural elements made of reinforced concrete (Hennebique System) and structural steel profiles were used in the construction of the building. The main structural system of the building consists of stone and brick masonry walls, early reinforced concrete (Hennebique) and composite (RC and steel) columns and beams, and as well as ribbed composite slabs. When the original projects in the archive and the existing building are compared, it is determined that the building was built completely in accordance with its projects. The contemporary conservation method accepts the approach of protecting buildings not only in terms of their architecture, art, and functions but also as a document reflecting the materials, building techniques, and construction technologies of the period they were built. Considering this approach, Vakif Han I is an original synthesis of the new construction technologies such as traditional masonry, early reinforced concrete (Hennebique System), structural steel, and composite structural elements in the beginning of the 20th century of Istanbul. Because of having an original mixed structural system and unifying the traditional and the modern, Vakif Han I is an important cultural asset with its unique characteristics that should be protected not only with its style and architecture but also with the rare construction techniques used. However, the original construction technologies used in the buildings of the period are being renewed and lost because of having recently functional changes under the pressure of tourism. Examining the construction techniques used in the buildings belonging to the transition period, which mediated the change in the late period architecture of the Ottoman Empire, provides a better understanding and contributes to the field of conservation to develop sustainable protection strategies of similar buildings by creating awareness to preserve the original techniques in their original design and provide encouraging information and aspects for their protection

Composition and Phase Analysis on Glazed Tiles of Southeast Anatolia: Production Process Identification

The analytical characterization of cultural heritage materials has a great importance in terms of gaining the scientific knowledge which provides guidance for conservation applications covering the re-integration and re-production processes needed in protection. In this study, the glazed tile samples of a 15th century monument located in southeast Anatolia are investigated and a comprehensive archaeometric data for restoration and conservation is created. XRF and EDX were used to reveal the chemical composition of tile bodies and particularly the glazes. SEM and petrography analyses were employed to examine the micro and macro structural features of the bodies, respectively. Samples were exposed to X-ray diffraction for characterization of the mineral/phase contents. Furthermore, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry were the complementary methods. The mineralogical content of the samples suggested a firing temperature of ca 850-900oC. The chemical composition of the tile fabrics indicated use of calcareous raw materials due to relatively high CaO content. It was deduced that the alkaline and lead oxides were the main components of the glazes, with low lead oxide (˂5 wt.%) for the samples PS-2, PS-4, PS-5 and PS-6. It was also seen that the blue/green turquoise colors were obtained with copper, whereas blue itself was due to cobalt. Tin was occasionally detected in chemical composition of some glazed surfaces, and its presence was mostly attributed to the purpose of gaining opaqueness

An Enhanced Indirect Video-Based Measurement Procedure for Dynamic Structural System Identification Applications

A video-based indirect sensing procedure for dynamic identification purposes is presented. To overcome major limitations of video-based methods in real on-site measurements, a novel three step pre-modification, magnification, post-modification process is developed. This process includes revision of the initial input video record in order to delete disturbing objects, utilizing a magnification method to filter the frequency content of the monitored motion and using a revision step for elimination of noises generated during magnification process. Finally, a set of digital signal and image processing analyses are performed on the modified video using virtual visual sensor technology. Based on the results of this research, motion signals of the monitored object are detected. The proposed approach has been used for identification of dynamic characteristics of two historic masonry minarets in Istanbul. Results shows that the proposed procedure is able to assess the dynamic characteristics of the monitored structure with a high-level of accuracy

In Situ Dynamic System Identification of Historic Masonry Monuments Based on Non-destructiveTesting

Istanbul is home to numerous architectural heritage which are in a great variety built by Byzantine and Ottoman period. On the other hand, cultural heritage buildings are faced with serious earthquake risks which require the investigation of the structural behaviour of cultural heritage buildings and the taking of necessary conservation measures to preserve and transfer them to the future in a sustainable way. This article describes an experimental in-situ investigation of an 18th century historic masonry monument, Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque in Istanbul by the non-destructive testing. Dynamic system identification study based on operational modal analysis (OMA) tests which include two different test setups in terms of locations and numbers of accelerometers. The extracted dynamic parameters of structure such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and as well as damping ratios obtained from two different test setups compared. In addition, the results of non-destructive in-situ tests used for the 3D Finite Element (FE) model updating by comparing and calibrating numerical and experimental characteristics. The paper presents an in situ dynamic identification procedure of an historic masonry monument based on operational modal analysis and compares dynamic properties obtained from experimental and numerical studies and gives the results of FE model updating of the structure

Determination of Mechanical Properties of Historical Masonry Structures Using in-situ Flat-Jack Test

Tarihi eserlerde ve aynı zamanda yeni yapılarda, yapıda gerçekleştirilecek müdahalenin kapsamını ve sınırlarını belirleyecek olan en önemli parametrelerden birisi taşıyıcı elemanların dayanımıdır. Dayanımın ise dış yükler etkisiyle ortaya çıkan içi kuvvetten daha büyük olması sağlanmalıdır. Bu sebeple taşıyıcı elemanların dayanımının makul bir yaklaşım ve yaklaşıklıkla belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Ancak, bazı durumlarda ülkemizdeki tarihi yapı uygulamalarında, yapıyı oluşturan duvar, kemer, tonoz gibi elemanların basınç dayanımı, kayma dayanımı, elastisite modülü gibi mekanik parametreler belirlenmeden, bazı kabullere dayalı hesaplamalar yapılmaktadır. Bu kabuller, yapıya gereğinden fazla yapısal müdahale yapılmasına neden olabileceği gibi, bazen yetersiz müdahalelere de sebep olabilmektedir. Bu makalede tarihi yığma yapıların basınç dayanımı, elastisite modülü ve poisson oranı gibi mekanik parametrelerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapı üzerinde gerçekleştirilen ve literatürde hafif tahribatlı veya yarı tahribatlı olarak tanımlanan ve yapıda kolayca tamir edilebilir nitelikte hafif bir hasar oluşturan flat-jack deneyi ve ülkemizdeki bir tarihi camide uygulanması ve sonuçları hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir.The strength of the structural elements is very important parameter to determine the limits and extent of structural interventions in both historical and modern buildings. It have to be provided that, the strength must be greater than internal forces as a result of external loads. For this reason, the strength of structural elements has to be obtained with a reasonable approach and precision. However, in some implementations of historical structures in our country, the interventions are going on with some hypothesis but without any determination of the mechanical parameters of structural elements such as walls, arches and vaults. Furthermore, sometimes the hypothesis about the mechanical properties of structures causes over intervention or inadequate intervention problems. The paper gives information about flat-jack test which is named as semi-destructive test to determine the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and poisson ratio of historical masonry structures. Also the paper discusses the results of a flat-jack test results of a case study in Turkey and compares the with laboratory test results

The Contributions of Victor Hugo on Architectural Conservation Idea and His Essay “War on Demolishers”

Fransız İhtilali’nin yıkımları ve Endüstri Devrimi’nin şehirlerde başlattığı dönüşümün etkisiyle tarihî anıtların uğradığı tahribata karşı Fransa’da yükselen tenkitlerin önemli isimlerinden birisi olan Victor Hugo, bazı eserlerinin ana temasını o dönemdeki yıkımlara karşı verdiği mücadele etrafında kurgulamıştı. İngiltere’deki çağdaşı John Ruskin ile benzer düşünceleri Fransa’da dile getiren Hugo, bilinçsiz ve tartışmalı restorasyon uygulamalarına karşı da sesini yükseltenlerin başında geliyordu. Yaptığı ayrıntılı tasvirlerle anıtların yazılı bir belgelemesini yapan Hugo’nun eserlerinde mimari anıtlar geniş yer tutmakta, tarih ve kültüre karşı duyarlılığını her fırsatta dile getirdiği satırları, sanat eserlerine hak ettikleri saygıyı göstermeye teşvik ederken çağdaş koruma düşüncesinin ortaya çıkışına da katkı sağlamaktaydı. Edebiyatını bir belgeleme ve mücadele aracı olarak kullanan Hugo, Notre Dame’ın Kamburu romanı ve Yıkıcılarla Savaş isimli makalesiyle geniş kitlelerin dikkatini çekmişti. Bu çalışmada, Hugo’nun eserlerinde mi mari koruma hakkındaki düşünceleri ve bu alana katkıları ele alınmış, Yıkıcılarla Savaş isimli makalesi dilimize kazandırılmış ve uluslararası koruma ilkeleri ve günümüzdeki bazı koruma tartışmalarıyla ilişkilendirilerek irdelenmiştir.In the 19th century, Victor Hugo was one of the important names of the criticisms that rose in France against the destruction of historical monuments due to the demolition of the French Revolution and the transformation in cities initiated by the Industrial Revolution. Hugo, set the main theme of some of his works around his struggle against the destruction that took place at that time, as his contemporary John Ruskin in England. Historic monuments occupied a large place in Hugo’s texts, and he also made well written documentation of the monuments with his detailed descriptions, encouraging the sensitivity to history and culture at every opportunity to show the respect they deserve to artworks, while also contributing to the emergence of contemporary conservation idea. Using his literature as a means of documentation and struggle, Hugo attracted the attention of the masses with his novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame and also his essay War on Demolishers. In this study, Hugo’s ideas and contributions on architectural conservation in his works were discussed, his essay War on Demolishers was translated into Turkish, and it is correlated with today’s conservation debates and international conservation principles

Dynamic Identification of Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque in Istanbul

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Determination Of The Earthquake Performance Of Historical Masonry Structures

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2008Bu çalışmada, tarihi yığma yapıların deprem performansının belirlenmesinde ve yapısal değerlendirme sürecinde izlenmesi gereken metot ve yaklaşımlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu kapsamda, koruma kavramı ve tarihi mirasın korunması konusuna değinilmiş, koruma ilkeleri ve hedefler incelenmiştir. Yapısal değerlendirme öncesi yapılacak hazırlık çalışmaları tarihi araştırmalar, yerinde gözlem ve ölçümler, malzeme ve zemin özelliklerinin belirlenmesi başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca tarihi yığma yapıların modellenmesi üzerinde durulmuş, yapısal idealleştirmeler, kabuller, modelleme teknikleri, yığma yapı elemanlarının modellenmesi ve yığma yapı davranışı ile analiz yöntemleri incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte örnek olarak seçilen, 17. yy Osmanlı yapısı olan Hırka-i Şerif Camii detaylı olarak incelenmiş, camii hakkında yapılan araştırmalara yer verilmiş, yapının üç boyutlu sonlu eleman modeli kurularak statik ve dinamik analizler vasıtasıyla yapısal güvenliği ile deprem performansı değerlendirilmiş ve güçlendirme önerileri üzerinde durulmuştur.In this study, structural assessment, determination of the earthquake performance and rehabilitation process of historical masonry structures has been investigated. Assessment methodology and different approaches, the concept and the principles of conservation are discussed. The observations required before structural assessment, were researched in topics of historical researches, in-situ observations, determination masonry material properties and soil investigations. Furthermore, the modeling techniques of historical masonry structures, idealizations, assumptions, different modeling techniques, modeling the elements of masonry structures, behaviors of masonry structures and analysis methods has been investigated. In addition, as a numerical investigation Hirka-i Sharif Mosque of Istanbul is investigated in detail. The structural system of the mosque was analyzed by using 3D model under static and dynamic loads to determine the earthquake performance of the structure and the results of analyses, requirements and suggestions of strengthening of the Hirka-i Sharif Mosque are discussed.Yüksek LisansM.Sc