4,464 research outputs found
Wedge immersed thermistor bolometers
An immersed thermistor bolometer for the detection of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation is described. Two types of immersed bolometers are discussed. The immersion of thermistor flakes in a lens, or half immersed by optical contact on a lens, is examined. Lens materials are evaluated for optimum immersion including fused aluminum oxide, beryllium oxide, and germanium. The application of the bolometer to instruments in which the entrance pupil of the immersion optics has a high aspect ratio is considered
Wedge immersed thermistor bolometer measures infrared radiation
Wedge immersed-thermistor bolometer measures infrared radiation in the atmosphere. The thermistor flakes are immersed by optical contact on a wedge-shaped germanium lens whose narrow dimension is clamped between two complementary wedge-shaped germanium blocks bonded with a suitable adhesive
Translation-Rotation Coupling in Transient Grating Experiments : Theoretical and Experimental Evidences
The results of a Transient Grating experiment in a supercooled molecular
liquid of anisotropic molecules and its theoretical interpretation are
presented. These results show the existence of two distinct dynamical
contributions in the response function of this experiment, density and
orientation dynamics. These dynamics can be experimentally disentangled by
varying the polarisation of the probe and diffracted beams and they have been
identified and measured in a Heterodyne Detected experiment performed on
m-toluidine. The results of the theory show a good qualitative agreement with
the measurements at all temperatures.Comment: PDF format, 14 pages including 4 figures, accepted for publication in
EPL. minor modification
Morphology of rain water channelization in systematically varied model sandy soils
We visualize the formation of fingered flow in dry model sandy soils under
different raining conditions using a quasi-2d experimental set-up, and
systematically determine the impact of soil grain diameter and surface wetting
property on water channelization phenomenon. The model sandy soils we use are
random closely-packed glass beads with varied diameters and surface treatments.
For hydrophilic sandy soils, our experiments show that rain water infiltrates
into a shallow top layer of soil and creates a horizontal water wetting front
that grows downward homogeneously until instabilities occur to form fingered
flows. For hydrophobic sandy soils, in contrast, we observe that rain water
ponds on the top of soil surface until the hydraulic pressure is strong enough
to overcome the capillary repellency of soil and create narrow water channels
that penetrate the soil packing. Varying the raindrop impinging speed has
little influence on water channel formation. However, varying the rain rate
causes significant changes in water infiltration depth, water channel width,
and water channel separation. At a fixed raining condition, we combine the
effects of grain diameter and surface hydrophobicity into a single parameter
and determine its influence on water infiltration depth, water channel width,
and water channel separation. We also demonstrate the efficiency of several
soil water improvement methods that relate to rain water channelization
phenomenon, including pre-wetting sandy soils at different level before
rainfall, modifying soil surface flatness, and applying superabsorbent hydrogel
particles as soil modifiers
A Simple Analytical Model of Evaporation in the Presence of Roots
Root systems can influence the dynamics of evapotranspiration of water out of
a porous medium. The coupling of evapotranspiration remains a key aspect
affecting overall root behavior. Predicting the evapotranspiration curve in the
presence of roots helps keep track of the amount of water that remains in the
porous medium. Using a controlled visual set-up of a 2D model soil system
consisting of monodisperse glass beads, we first perform experiments on actual
roots grown in partially saturated systems under different relative humidity
conditions. We record parameters such as the total mass loss in the medium and
the resulting position of the receding fronts and use these experimental
results to develop a simple analytical model that predicts the position of the
evaporating front as a function of time as well as the total amount of water
that is lost from the medium due to the combined effects of evaporation and
transpiration. The model is based on fundamental principles of evaporation flux
and includes empirical assumptions on the quantity of stoma in the leaves and
the transition time between regime 1 and regime 2. The model also underscores
the importance of a much prolonged root life as long as the root is exposed to
a partially saturated zone composed of a mixture of air and water. Comparison
between the model and experimental results shows good prediction of the
position of the evaporating front as well as the total mass loss from
evapotranspiration in the presence of real root systems. These results provide
additional understanding of both complex evaporation phenomenon and its
influence on root mechanisms.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Observation of a nanophase segregation in LiCl aqueous solutions from Transient Grating Experiments
Transient Grating experiments performed on supercooled LiCl, RH2O solutions
with R>6 reveal the existence of a strong, short time, extra signal which
superposes to the normal signal observed for the R=6 solution and other glass
forming systems. This extra signal shows up below 190 K, its shape and the
associated timescale depend only on temperature, while its intensity increases
with R. We show that the origin of this signal is a phase separation between
clusters with a low solute concentration and the remaining, more concentrated,
solution. Our analysis demonstrates that these clusters have a nanometer size
and a composition which are rather temperature independent, while increasing R
simply increases the number of these clusters.Comment: 19 pages+ 8 figures+ 2 table
Trois traitements recommandés pour la culture de l'arachide au Sénégal : dénématisation, inoculation des semences par rhizobiums sélectionnés et apport de phosphogypse
- …