Eulusmap: An international land resources map utilizing satellite imagery

In 1972, the International Geographical Union's Commission on World Land Use Survey adopted a project for a land-use map of Europe. Such a map, under the name Eulusmap was started earlier under sponsorship of several government offices in Hungary. Although there was great response from a number of contributors in many countries, it became evident by mid-1974 that the map would contain gaps and some inaccuracies unless additional data sources were utilized. By then, the satellite Landsat-1 had obtained imagery of most of Europe. Using theme extraction techniques, the map was completed in draft form and portions of it displayed at the 23d International Geographical Congress in Moscow during July 1976. Printing of the completed map was accomplished in May 1978

Modélisation de la fissuration dans les matériaux cohésifs à grains par discrétisations non conformes

In this thesis a flexible and general stable displacement–Lagrange multiplier mixed formulation is developed to model distributed cracking in cohesive grain-based materials in the framework of the cut finite element method. The displacement field is discretized on each grain separately, and the continuity of the displacement and traction fields across the interfaces between grains is enforced by Lagrange multipliers. The design of the discrete Lagrange multiplier space is detailed for bilinear quadrangular elements with the potential presence of multiple interfaces/discontinuities within an element. We give numerical evidence that the designed Lagrange multiplier space is stable and provide examples demonstrating the robustness of the method. Relying on the stable discretization, a cohesive zone formulation equipped with a damage constitutive model expressed in terms of the traction is used to model the propagation of multiple cracks at the interfaces between grains. To prevent the crack faces from self-penetrating during unloading, a contact condition is enforced. The solutions for the mechanical fields and the damage field are separately obtained and an explicit damage update algorithm allows using a non-iterative approach. The damage formulation couples the normal and tangential failure modes, accounts for different tension and compression behaviours and takes into account a compression-dependent fracture energy in mixed mode. The framework is applied to complex 2D problems inspired by indirect tension tests and compression tests on heterogeneous rock-like materials.Dans cette thèse, une formulation stable mixte de déplacement–multiplicateur de Lagrange est développée pour modéliser la fissuration dans les matériaux cohésifs à grains dans le cadre de la méthode des éléments finis etendus (CutFEM). Le champ de déplacement est discrétisé sur chaque grain individuellement, et la continuité des champs de déplacement et de traction aux interfaces entre grains est assurée par des multiplicateurs de Lagrange. La construction de l'espace discret des multiplicateurs de Lagrange est détaillée pour les éléments quadrangulaires bilinéaires avec la présence d’interfaces multiples dans un élément. Des preuves numériques sont données que cet espace de multiplicateurs de Lagrange est stable, et des exemples démontrant la robustesse de la méthode sont fournis. Avec cette discrétisation stable, une formulation de zone cohésive permet de modéliser la propagation de fissures multiples aux interfaces entre grains. Pour éviter des interpénétrations aux faces des fissures pendant le déchargement, une condition de contact est imposée. Les solutions pour les champs mécaniques et le champ d’endommagement sont obtenues séparément et un algorithme explicite permet d'utiliser une approche non itérative. La formulation de l’endommagement associe les modes de rupture normal et tangentiel, tient compte de différents comportements de tension et de compression et prend en compte une énergie de rupture dépendante de la compression en mode mixte. La méthode est appliquée à des problèmes 2D complexes inspirés par des tests de tension indirecte et des tests de compression sur des matériaux hétérogènes ressemblant à de la roche

PACAP and its receptors in migraine pathophysiology.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1 , VPAC1 and VPAC2 ) are present in sensory neurons and in vascular smooth muscle related to the trigeminovascular system, a key factor in migraine pain. Recent data point to an involvement of PACAP, and in particular the PAC1 receptor, in the pathophysiology of migraine. Available data are discussed in relation to a study by Walker in this issue of the Journal with the goal of identifying possibilities for the development of novel antagonists and to further define the role of PACAP in migraine pathophysiology and as a new target for antimigraine therapeutics

Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor components in the human sphenopalatine ganglion - Interaction with the sensory system.

Clinical studies have suggested a link between the sensory trigeminal system and the parasympathetic ganglia. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a sensory neuropeptide which plays an important role in vasodilatation and pain transmission in craniocervical structures. The present study was designed to examine if CGRP and CGRP receptor components are present in the human sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) in order to reveal an interaction between the sensory and parasympathetic systems. Indirect immunofluorescence technique was used for immunohistochemical demonstration of CGRP, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and the receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) in human and rat SPG. Cryostat sections were examined and images were obtained using a light- and epifluorescence microscope coupled to a camera to visualize co-labeling by superimposing the digital images. In addition, Western blot technique was used to demonstrate the existence of CGRP receptor components in rat SPG. CGRP immunoreactive fibers were frequently found intraganglionic in the SPG in the vicinity of neurons. CLR immunoreactivity was observed in satellite glial cells (SGCs) as well as in nerve fibers, but not in neurons. RAMP1 immunoreactivity was localized in many neurons and SGCs. Thus, the two CGRP receptor components together were found in the SGCs. In addition, Western blot revealed the presence of RAMP1 and CLR in rat SPG. Our results suggest a possible sensory influence in the parasympathetic cranial ganglia. The sensory CGRP-containing fibers probably originate in the trigeminal ganglion, project to the SPG and act on CGRP receptors on SGCs

Dynamical properties of a nonlinear Kuramoto-Sivashinsky growth equation

International audienceThe conserved Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation can be considered as the one- and twodimensional evolution equation for amorphous thin film growth. The role of the nonlinear term Dojruj2THORN and the properties of the solutions are investigated analytically and numerically. Analytical results of wavelength and amplitude are provided. Numerical simulations of this equation are presented, showing the roughening and coarsening of the surface pattern and the evolution of the surface morphology over time for different parameter values in one- and two-dimensions. (C)2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, nitric oxide synthase, and their receptors in human and rat sphenopalatine ganglion.

Cranial parasympathetic outflow is mediated through the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG). The present study was performed to examine the expression of the parasympathetic signaling transmitters and their receptors in human and rat SPG. Indirect immunofluorescence technique was used for the demonstration of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), glutamine synthetase (GS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), VIP and PACAP common receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2), and PACAP receptor (PAC1). In addition, double labeling was carried out to reveal the co-localization of neurotransmitters. VIP-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons as well as fibers were frequently found in human SPG. Many, homogenously stained NOS-ir cells were found, but no positive fibers. In addition, PACAP-ir was observed in some of the neurons and in fibers. Co-localization was found between VIP and NOS. In rat VIP-, NOS-, and PACAP-ir were found in many neurons and fibers. Co-localization of PACAP and NOS was observed in neurons. PACAP and GS double staining revealed that the PACAP-ir was localized in/close to the cell membrane, but not in the satellite glial cells. PAC1 and VPAC1 immunoreactivity was found in the satellite glial cells of both human and rat. Western blot revealed protein expression of PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 in rat SPG. The trigeminal-autonomic reflex may be active in migraine attacks. We hypothesized that VIP, PACAP, NOS, PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 play a role in the activation of parasympathetic cranial outflow during migraine attacks

The Journey to Establish CGRP as a Migraine Target: A Retrospective View.

In this retrospective, Dr. Lars Edvinsson recounts early steps and milestones in our understanding of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminovascular system and its role in migraine. The discovery of the presence and function of CGRP and other neuropeptides in the cerebral vasculature and its sensory innervation is described. He relates the seminal finding that CGRP is uniquely released during migraine and the journey to develop blockers of CGRP effects. Now, over 30 years since its discovery, CGRP has become the target for a number of promising novel treatments for migraine patients