Formation de NDMA par chloramination de micropolluants

International audienceL'utilisation des chloramines dans les procédés de production d'eau potable permet de limiter la formation de sous-produits de chloration tels que les trihalométhanes (THMs) et les acides haloacétiques (HAAs). Cependant, la chloramination entraîne la formation de N-nitrosamines, en particulier la N-nitrosodiméthylamine (NDMA), un sous-produit de désinfection non halogéné cancérigène pour l'homme. Les mécanismes de formation de la NDMA lors des traitements par chloramination ne sont que partiellement établis. L'étude montre que des composés azotés pouvant être rencontrés dans les eaux naturelles, par exemple des herbicides (diuron, isoproturon) ou des composés pharmaceutiques (ranitidine, mifépristone), peuvent être des précurseurs importants de NDMA. Il apparaît que les quantités importantes de NDMA formées à partir de ces composés (en particulier la ranitidine) ne peuvent pas être expliquées par les mécanismes de formation actuellement disponibles dans la littérature. De nouveaux mécanismes de formation impliquant les caractéristiques structurales des amines tertiaires doivent être envisagés

Small scale Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) project for a remote area

An Advanced Water Treatment Plant (AWTP) for potable water recycling in Davis Station Antarctica was trialed using secondary effluent at Selfs Point in Hobart, Tasmania, for nine months. The trials demonstrated the reliability of performance of a seven barrier treatment process consisting of ozonation, ceramic microfiltration (MF), biologically activated carbon, reverse osmosis, ultra-violet disinfection, calcite contactor and chlorination. The seven treatment barriers were required to meet the high log removal values (LRV) required for pathogens in small systems during disease outbreak, and on-line verification of process performance was required for operation with infrequent operator attention. On-line verification of pathogen LRVs, a low turbidity filtrate of approximately 0.1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), no long-term fouling and no requirement for clean-in-place (CIP) was achieved with the ceramic MF. A pressure decay test was also reliably implemented on the reverse osmosis system to achieve a 2 LRV for protozoa, and this barrier required only 2-3 CIP treatments each year. The ozonation process achieved 2 LRV for bacteria and virus with no requirement for an ozone residual, provided the ozone dose was > 11.7 mg/L. Extensive screening using multi-residue gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) database methods that can screen for more than 1200 chemicals found that few chemicals pass through the barriers to the final product and rejected (discharge) water streams. The AWTP plant required 1.93 kWh/m3 when operated in the mode required for Davis Station and was predicted to require 1.27 kWh/m3 if scaled up to 10 ML/day. The AWTP will be shipped to Davis Station for further trials before possible implementation for water recycling. The process may have application in other small remote communities

Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production

Highlights: • Overview on oxidative treatment processes for different industrial applications • Compilation of disinfection by-product types/concentrations in marine water uses • Estimation of global DBP inputs into marine water from different industries • Comparison of anthropogenic bromoform production to emissions from natural sources Abstract: Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470 – 800 × 109 m3, 46 × 109 m3 and 3.5 × 109 m3, respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5 – 21.8 × 106 kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8 – 20.1 × 106 kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 × 106 kg/a from desalination and 0.86 × 106 kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2 – 6 % of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385 – 870 × 106 kg/a

Photodecomposition of iodinated contrast media and subsequent formation of toxic iodinated moieties during final disinfection with chlorinated oxidants

Large amount of iodinated contrast media (ICM) are found in natural waters (up to µg.L-1 levels) due to their worldwide use in medical imaging and their poor removal by conventional wastewater treatment. Synthetic water samples containing different ICM and natural organic matter (NOM) extracts were subjected to UV254 irradiation followed by the addition of chlorine (HOCl) or chloramine (NH2Cl) to simulate final disinfection. In this study, two new quantum yields were determined for diatrizoic acid (0.071 mol.Einstein-1) and iotalamic acid (0.038 mol.Einstein-1) while values for iopromide (IOP) (0.039 mol.Einstein-1), iopamidol (0.034 mol.Einstein-1) and iohexol (0.041 mol.Einstein-1) were consistent with published data. The photodegradation of IOP led to an increasing release of iodide with increasing UV doses. Iodide is oxidized to hypoiodous acid (HOI) either by HOCl or NH2Cl. In presence of NOM, the addition of oxidant increased the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs). On one hand, when the concentration of HOCl was increased, the formation of I-DBPs decreased since HOI was converted to iodate. On the other hand, when NH2Cl was used the formation of I-DBPs was constant for all concentration since HOI reacted only with NOM to form I-DBPs. Increasing the NOM concentration has two effects, it decreased the photodegradation of IOP by screening effect but it increased the number of reactive sites available for reaction with HOI.For experiments carried out with HOCl, increasing the NOM concentration led to a lower formation of I-DBPs since less IOP are photodegraded and iodate are formed. For NH2Cl the lower photodegradation of IOP is compensated by the higher amount of NOM reactive sites, therefore, I-DBPs concentrations were constant for all NOM concentrations. 7 different NOM extracts were tested and almost no differences in IOP degradation and I-DBPs formation was observed. Similar behaviour was observed for the 5 ICM tested. Both oxidant poorly degraded the ICM and a higher formation of I-DBPs was observed for the chloramination experiments compared to the chlorination experiment. Results from toxicity testing showed that the photodegradation products of IOP are toxic and confirmed that the formation of I-DBPs leads to higher toxicity. Therefore, for the experiment with HOCl where iodate are formed the toxicity was lower than for the experiments with NH2Cl where a high formation of I-DBPs was observed

Catalytic ozonation not relying on hydroxyl radical oxidation: A selective and competitive reaction process related to metal–carboxylate complexes

International audienc

Les Bromates dans les eaux : Origine, toxicité, dosage et inventaire

Il a été établi, essentiellement par les travaux de l'équipe de Kurukowa, que le bromate de potassium est un cancérogène génotoxique provoquant chez le rat mâle des tumeurs rénales, des mésothéliones, du péritoine et des tumeurs de la thyroïde. Compte tenu de ces résultats et en attente de techniques analytiques fiables et précises, l'O.M.S. a fixé la valeur de la recommandation à 25 µg. L-1 alors que l'Union Européenne et l'US Environmental Protection Agency proposent 10 µg. L-1 comme valeur paramétrique pour les bromates dans les eaux de consommation. La technique de dosage des bromates par chromatographie ionique et détection par conductimétrie η 'est pas encore suffisamment reproductible et sensible. De plus, certains laboratoires annoncent qu'elle est encore sujette à des interférences non connues. Son coût relativement élevé et sa durée d'une heure la rendent difficilement utilisable en contrôle de routine. Il n'y a pas d'alternative actuelles, les prospectives les plus sérieuses pourraient être la méthode à la chlorpromazine pour le contrôle en usine et la détection ICP-MS pour améliorer la sensibilité de l'analyse en laboratoire

Contribution of effluent organic matter (EfOM) to ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling: Isolation, characterization, and fouling effect of EfOM fractions

EfOM has been regarded as a major organic foulant resulting in UF membrane fouling in wastewater reclamation. To investigate fouling potential of different EfOM fractions, the present study isolated EfOM into hydrophobic neutrals (HPO-N), colloids, hydrophobic acids (HPO-A), transphilic neutrals and acids (TPI), and hydrophilics (HPI), and tested their fouling effect in both salt solution and pure water during ultrafiltration (UF). Major functional groups and chemical structure of the isolates were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solid-state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis. The influence of the isolation process on the properties of EfOM fractions was minor because the raw and reconstituted secondary effluents were found similar with respect to UV absorbance, molecular size distribution, and fluorescence character. In membrane filtration tests, unified membrane fouling index (UMFI) and hydraulic resistance were used to quantify irreversible fouling potential of different water samples. Results show that under similar DOC level in feed water, colloids present much more irreversible fouling than other fractions. The fouling effect of the isolates is related to their size, chemical properties, and solution chemistry. Further investigations have identified that the interaction between colloids and other fractions also influences the performance of colloids in fouling phenomena