Breve histórico da certificação de imóveis rurais no Brasil e apresentação do Sistema de Gestão Fundiária - SIGEF Brief history of certification of rural properties in Brazil and presentation of Landed Property Management System - SIGEF

Com as transformações que estão ocorrendo da estrutura fundiária no Brasil, o Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agrária (INCRA), por meio da Lei no 10.267/2001, que se refere ao georreferenciamento e imóveis rurais, buscam estabelecer uma nova metodologia pra se levantar os imóveis rurais, e também a integração de suas bases de dados com outros órgãos na esfera federal, a fim de se conhecer totalmente a realidade dos imóveis rurais do Brasil. Com isso o processo de georreferenciamento, passa por diversas transformações, as quais através de novas tecnologias de informação se tornam cada vez mais automática, passando de um processo com muitos trâmites burocráticos, para uma forma totalmente online. Assim, tem-se a necessidade de elaborar um Sistema de Gestão Fundiária (SIGEF), o qual será retratado nesse trabalho.AbstractWith the changes that are occurring in land ownership structure of our country, the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INCRA), through Law 10.267/2001, which refers to the georeferencing of rural properties, attempted to establish a new methodology to surveying rural properties and also integrate their databases with other agencies at the federal sphere in order to completely understand the reality of rural properties in Brazil. With it the process of georeferencing, go through several transformations, which through new information technologies becoming increasingly automatic, from a process with many bureaucratic procedures, to a fully online form. So has the need to develop a Landed Property Management System (SIGEF), which will be portrayed on this paper

Avaliação de técnicas de geoprocessamento no modelo digital de terreno com dados temporais: um abalroamento abalizado na inclinação da superfície terrestreEvaluation of GIS techniques in digital terrain model with temporal data: an approach based

O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar os mapas de declividade obtidos em 1997 no Sistema Geográfico de Informações (SGI), com os mapas de declividade gerados em 2014, no Sistema de Processamento de Informações Georreferenciadas (SPRING). Os dados de entrada provenientes das áreas testes, cartas topográficas e imagens Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) foram armazenados em bancos de dados do SPRING. As áreas testes foram construídas com isolinhas bem definidas quanto ao espaçamento horizontal entre as curvas de nível. Os métodos de interpolação analisados foram: Média Ponderada/Cota/Quadrante, Média Ponderada/Quadrante, Média Ponderada, Média Simples, Vizinho Mais Próximo, Linear, Quíntico com linha de quebra, com o que foram obtidas grades retangulares de resolução espacial 1 m x 1 m. Já para a obtenção da grade Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), os interpoladores foram Delaunay, Menor Ângulo, Isolinhas. Desses, foi selecionada a grade TIN com o interpolador Delaunay que permitiu a geração da imagem de declividade com resolução espacial de 1 m. Essa imagem foi fatiada de acordo com as classes de declive gerando os mapas de declividade digitais. Em seguida, foram estabelecidos os procedimentos estatísticos, índices de Porcentagem de Acerto (PA) e índices de Porcentagem de Acerto Total (PAT) para avaliação das classes de declive e áreas de declividade, obtidas nos dois períodos. Os resultados foram, em média, 10% superiores, para as áreas de relevo classificado como plano e de mais de 100% superiores, para áreas de relevo forte ondulado e montanhoso. Os dados de entrada provenientes da carta topográfica e da imagem SRTM com resolução espacial de 90 m foram satisfatórios. No entanto, houve avanços significativos no modo de entrada de dados e os valores de cada classe de declive dos mapas de declividade, quando comparado nos dois períodos. Estes, quando se aproximam dos valores reais, fornecem dados e informações importantes que são imprescindíveis nos estudos de planejamento de áreas urbanas e rurais.Abstract The present study aimed to compare the maps of slope obtained in 1997 in the Geographic Information System (GIS, SGI/INPE), with the declivity maps generated in 2014 in the Georeferenced Information Processing System (SPRING). The input data from the testing areas, topographic maps and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) images were stored in SPRING databases. The test areas were built with well-defined isolines concerning the horizontal spacing between the contour lines. The Interpolation methods analyzed were: Weighted Mean/Elevation/Quadrant, Weighted Mean/Quadrant, Weighted Mean, Simple Mean, Nearest Neighbor, Linear and Quintic Surface with breaklines. All these methods were used to draw rectangular grids with 1mx1m spatial resolution. In order to obtain the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) grid, the interpolations used were Delaunay, lower angle and isolines. Out of these methods, we selected the TIN grid with Delaunay interpolator which allowed the generation slope image with spatial resolution of1m. This image was sliced according to slope classes generating digital declivity maps. Next, we established statistical procedures, indexes of Percentage of Accuracy (PA) and indexes of Percentage of Total Accuracy (PAT)) for the evaluation of the classes of slope and declivity areas obtained in the two periods. We concluded that the results were on average10% higher for areas classified as plan relief and over 100% higher for areas of corrugated and mountainous relief. The input data from topographic maps and SRTM image with spatial resolution of 90m were satisfactory. We observed that there were significant advances in data entry mode and in the values of each class of declivity maps when compared in both periods. When they are close to the real values, they can provide important data and information that are essential for the planning of land use in both, urban and rural areas

O Uso de Metformina no Tratamento da Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos / The Use of Metformin in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é a doença endócrina mais comum entre mulheres em idade reprodutiva e corresponde à principal causa de anovulação. Além de suas principais manifestações clínicas, a doença tem grande relação com hiperinsulinismo e resistência à insulina. Assim, tal associação entre SOP e resistência insulínica desencadeou a realização de estudos sobre o uso de metformina no tratamento da síndrome, tendo em vista sua ação comprovada como sensibilizador de insulina. METODOLOGIA: O estudo trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura com objetivo de esclarecer o impacto do uso de metformina na SOP. RESULTADOS: Como referencial ao artigo, foram selecionados dez estudos de revisões, quatro ensaios clínicos, duas diretrizes, um estudo prospectivo e um manuscrito. DISCUSSÃO: O uso de metformina no tratamento da SOP apresentou resultados de significativa relevância, principalmente em pacientes com obesidade e hiperinsulinemia: a droga diminui Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e os níveis de insulina em jejum. Todavia, foi evidenciado que a metformina em comparação a outros medicamentos apresenta resultados mais baixos em taxa de ovulação. CONCLUSÃO: A metformina se mostrou eficaz como terapia combinada com Clomifene e Letrozol no tratamento da SOP, porém não houve um consenso quanto ao uso em monoterapia

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Uma revisão integrativa sobre a Colangite Biliar Primária

A colangite biliar primária, um novo nome para a cirrose biliar primária, é uma doença colestática de etiologia autoimune e representa a primeira causa de colestase intra-hepática. Caracteriza-se pela destruição de pequenos dutos biliares ligados à infiltração de linfócitos, com prevalência de 10 a 40 por 100.000 habitantes no mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo refletir sobre novas informações a respeito da colangite biliar primária. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa de literatura, selecionando artigos publicados nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online e Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. A partir da análise qualitativa dos dados, obteve-se como conclusão as seguintes descobertas: A PBC é um problema de saúde raro e mal diagnosticado; não há conhecimento ainda sobre as razões da predominância dessa da CBP em mulheres, resposta à terapêutica, distribuição geográfica e mortalidade entre sexos; os casos dessa doença são assintomáticos; a qualidade de vida dos pacientes é comprometida com o agravamento dos casos, onde apresentam inicialmente sinais de prurido (20 a 70% dos casos) e fadiga (entre 50% a 78% dos pacientes); exames de biópsica hepática podem ser tranquilamente substituídos por testes não-invasivos, em análises de rotina de bioquímica hepática; a possiblidade de diagnosticar a PBC pode ser diagnosticada partindo de fatores biológicos exclusivos que indicam a presença de anticorpos anti-mitocondriais e uma elevação da fosfatase alcalina. No entanto é quase possível que o PBC seja soronegativo; a etiologia da CBP não sendo encontra clara, sendo o tratamento difícil; em caso de tratamento, utiliza-se mais ursodesoxicólico, ácido biliar hidrofílico natural que bloqueia a síntese hepática do colesterol, estimulando a síntese de ácidos biliares e restaurando o equilíbrio entre esses

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio