Virtual Organizational Learnign in Open Source Software Development Projects

We studied the existence of virtual organizational learning in open source software (OSS) development projects. Specifically, our research focused on learning effects of OSS projects and factors that affect the learning process. The number and percentage of resolved bugs and bug resolution time of 118 SourceForge.net OSS projects were used to measure the learning effects> Projects were characterized by project type, number and experience of developers, number of bugs, and bug resolution time. Our results provide evidence of virtual organizational learning in OSS development projects.Virtual organizational leraning: Organizational learning curve: Virtual organization: Open source software development: Project performance

A method to measure the accounting abnormal returns of largescale information technology investments: the case of enterprise systems

There is a considerable body of literature about the business value of information technology. Although there is empirical evidence about the positive impact of large-scale information technology on firm performance, the number and variety of quantitative methods used to measure this impact is considerable. Besides this diversity in the methods, almost none of them have both strong theoretical basis and strong econometric robustness. A method to measure accounting-based abnormal returns of large-scale information technology is proposed. Unlike existing accounting and market measures, this measure considers industry tendencies over time and the magnitude of the measure can be used as a proxy of the business value of the IT initiative. The method is implemented using a sample of enterprise systems implementations in public companies. This is a unique methodology based on recent accounting research, which propose an econometric model to capture annual abnormal returns of large-scale information technology initiatives. The method is validated with theoretical arguments and empirical results. Empirical results suggest that the measurement of the IT payoff is reliable, valid and robust

Security Risk Management in Healthcare: A Case Study

We investigated the effectiveness of a security risk management (SRM) program at a large healthcare institution. Using a survey, we explored how nine critical success factors (CSFs): executive management support (EMS), organizational maturity (OM), open communication (OC), risk management stakeholders (RMS), team member empowerment (TME), holistic view for an organization (HVO), security maintenance (SM), corporate security strategy (CSS), and human resource development (HRD) impacted SRM effectiveness. Implementing a mixed research method, we found that employees had a positive perception of SRM toward all CSFs but one―team member empowerment (TME). Both medical professionals and staff had a negative perception of how TME was implemented at the institution

Critical Success Factors for an Effective Security Risk Management Program: An Exploratory Case Study at a Fortune 500 Firm

We investigate differences in perception between management and staff with regard to the influence of criticalsuccess factors (CSFs) on security risk management (SRM) effectiveness at a Fortune 500 company. Nine CSFs areconfirmed to exist in the organization. Management and staff agree that each CSF is important for SRMeffectiveness, but differ on the level of importance of each CSF. With regard to six of the nine CSFs (executivemanagement support, organization maturity, open communication, holistic view of organization, corporate securitystrategy, and human resource development), management and staff concur on their current implementation, and havea positive perception about their impact. The results also indicate that both management and staff are not satisfiedwith the current practices pertaining to risk management stakeholders, team member empowerment, and securitymaintenance. Recommendations are presented for the organization as part of possible solutions to counter thedissatisfaction with these three CSFs

Measuring Success in Interorganizational Information Systems: A Case Study

We report results of a longitudinal case study in which an emergency medical service replaced a paper-based medical record with an electronic medical record system. The new systems electronically transmitted patient information to various other agencies for reporting, medical quality control, and billing purposes. As expected, the time required for the paramedics to document the medical record increased immediately after system implementation. As a result, operational performance of the paramedics declined. An unexpected consequence of system implementation was that operational performance never reached the level achieved prior to system implementation. However, the benefits attained by all organizations involved outweighed the prolonged decrease in operational performance of the paramedics. Therefore, we advise organizations implementing technology crossing organizational boundaries to consider both the direct and indirect benefits of a system implementation and to evaluate both operational and organizational performance

The Impact of Information Systems on End User Performance: Examining the Effects of Cognitive Style Using Learning Curves in an Electronic Medical Record Implementation

This study examines the relationship between cognitive style (adaptors versus innovators) and the learning curve when implementing new information technology. Kirton’s proposition that adaptors and innovators find equally creative ways of solving problems based on cognitive preferences was tested using a longitudinal case study. Test subjects were paramedics from a large metropolitan area. Cognitive style of the paramedics was determined, along with their individual learning curve when transitioning from a paper medical record to an electronic medical record. Results indicate Kirton’s proposition of equal performance between adaptors and innovators was only supported during stable periods. There was no statistically significant difference between adaptors and innovators either before implementation of the new system or post-stabilization. However, following system implementation, adaptors and innovators differed significantly with regard to their initial change in task completion times, pattern of learning, and the number of days required to reach stabilization

Hybrid Rules with Well-Founded Semantics

A general framework is proposed for integration of rules and external first order theories. It is based on the well-founded semantics of normal logic programs and inspired by ideas of Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) and constructive negation for logic programs. Hybrid rules are normal clauses extended with constraints in the bodies; constraints are certain formulae in the language of the external theory. A hybrid program is a pair of a set of hybrid rules and an external theory. Instances of the framework are obtained by specifying the class of external theories, and the class of constraints. An example instance is integration of (non-disjunctive) Datalog with ontologies formalized as description logics. The paper defines a declarative semantics of hybrid programs and a goal-driven formal operational semantics. The latter can be seen as a generalization of SLS-resolution. It provides a basis for hybrid implementations combining Prolog with constraint solvers. Soundness of the operational semantics is proven. Sufficient conditions for decidability of the declarative semantics, and for completeness of the operational semantics are given

UniFHy v0.1.1: a community modelling framework for the terrestrial water cycle in Python

The land surface, hydrological, and groundwater modelling communities all have expertise in simulating the hydrological processes at play in the terrestrial component of the Earth system. However, these communities, and the wider Earth system modelling community, have largely remained distinct with limited collaboration between disciplines, hindering progress in the representation of hydrological processes in the land component of Earth system models (ESMs). In order to address key societal questions regarding the future availability of water resources and the intensity of extreme events such as floods and droughts in a changing climate, these communities must come together and build on the strengths of one another to produce next-generation land system models that are able to adequately simulate the terrestrial water cycle under change. The development of a common modelling infrastructure can contribute to stimulating cross-fertilisation by structuring and standardising the interactions. This paper presents such an infrastructure, a land system framework, which targets an intermediate level of complexity and constrains interfaces between components (and communities) and, in doing so, aims to facilitate an easier pipeline between the development of (sub-)community models and their integration, both for standalone use and for use in ESMs. This paper first outlines the conceptual design and technical capabilities of the framework; thereafter, its usage and useful characteristics are demonstrated through case studies. The main innovations presented here are (1) the interfacing constraints themselves; (2) the implementation in Python (the Unified Framework for Hydrology, unifhy); and (3) the demonstration of standalone use cases using the framework. The existing framework does not yet meet all our goals, in particular, of directly supporting integration into larger ESMs, so we conclude with the remaining limitations of the current framework and necessary future developments.</p

Polarization degrees of freedom in photoinduced two-nucleon knockout from finite nuclei

The polarization degrees of freedom in photoinduced two-nucleon knockout from finite nuclei are studied. It is pointed out that they open good perspectives to study the dynamics of dinucleons in the medium in detail. The ($\gamma,pp$) and ($\gamma,pn$) angular cross sections, photon asymmetries and outgoing nucleon polarizations are calculated for the target nuclei $^{16}$O and $^{12}$C and photonenergies ranging from 100 up to 500 MeV. It is investigated to which degree the two-nucleon emission reaction is dominated by photoabsorption on $^3S_1(T=0)$ proton-neutron and $^1S_0(T=1)$ proton-proton pairs in the nuclear medium. The calculations demonstrate that dominance of $S$ wave photoabsorption in the ($\gamma,pn$) channel does not necessarily imply that the reaction mechanism is similar to what is observed in deuteron photodisintegration.Comment: 27 pages, REVTeX 3.0 with epsf.sty, 11 figures in EPS forma

Measurements of Airborne Influenza Virus in Aerosol Particles from Human Coughs

Influenza is thought to be communicated from person to person by multiple pathways. However, the relative importance of different routes of influenza transmission is unclear. To better understand the potential for the airborne spread of influenza, we measured the amount and size of aerosol particles containing influenza virus that were produced by coughing. Subjects were recruited from patients presenting at a student health clinic with influenza-like symptoms. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the volunteers and they were asked to cough three times into a spirometer. After each cough, the cough-generated aerosol was collected using a NIOSH two-stage bioaerosol cyclone sampler or an SKC BioSampler. The amount of influenza viral RNA contained in the samplers was analyzed using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qPCR) targeting the matrix gene M1. For half of the subjects, viral plaque assays were performed on the nasopharyngeal swabs and cough aerosol samples to determine if viable virus was present. Fifty-eight subjects were tested, of whom 47 were positive for influenza virus by qPCR. Influenza viral RNA was detected in coughs from 38 of these subjects (81%). Thirty-five percent of the influenza RNA was contained in particles \u3e4 µm in aerodynamic diameter, while 23% was in particles 1 to 4 µm and 42% in particles \u3c1 µm. Viable influenza virus was detected in the cough aerosols from 2 of 21 subjects with influenza. These results show that coughing by influenza patients emits aerosol particles containing influenza virus and that much of the viral RNA is contained within particles in the respirable size range. The results support the idea that the airborne route may be a pathway for influenza transmission, especially in the immediate vicinity of an influenza patient. Further research is needed on the viability of airborne influenza viruses and the risk of transmission