Emotional-related responses to critical events in problem solving

The present paper aimed to investigate changes in the expressive behavior and in the physiological activity during different appraisals associated with a problem solving situation. To this purpose, while participants completed the five disks version of the Tower of Hanoi, electrodermal activity and facial expressions were recorded over the course of the activity. In order to match expressive, physiological, and behavioral data and, to test the changes in both physiological and expressive patterns, an individual protocol analysis was conducted. As predicted, results showed different patterns of expressive and physiological activity according to the events of the problem solving. Results are discussed in light of the goal conduciveness and the coping potential appraisals notions.L’objectif de la présente étude est d’étudier les changements électrophysiologiques et les changements des expressions faciales associés aux évènements évalués comme émotionnellement pertinents pendant la résolution d’un problème. Pour atteindre cet objectif, l’activité électrodermale et les expressions faciales des participants ont été collectées tout au long de la résolution du problème de la Tour de Hanoi à 5 disques. Afin de synchroniser les actions des sujets et les changements physiologiques et expressifs, nous avons mené une analyse de protocoles individuels. Comme prédit, les résultats montrent différents patterns de l’activité électrophysiologique et expressive en fonction des évènements critiques de la résolution. Nous discutons les résultats à la lumière des notions d’obstruction de but et de potentiel d’ajustement issues des théories cognitives de l’émotion

Rheology of a confined granular material

We study the rheology of a granular material slowly driven in a confined geometry. The motion is characterized by a steady sliding with a resistance force increasing with the driving velocity and the surrounding relative humidity. For lower driving velocities a transition to stick-slip motion occurs, exhibiting a blocking enhancement whith decreasing velocity. We propose a model to explain this behavior pointing out the leading role of friction properties between the grains and the container's boundary.Comment: 9 pages, 3 .eps figures, submitted to PR

Auctorialité : production, réception et publication de documents numériques

Livre en attente de publication ...Reference points describing the diversification of the field of author's activity considered through the creation of digital documents and the relationships to the readers.Quelques repères de la diversification du champ d'action des auteurs dans leurs relations avec la création des documents numériques et avec leur lectorat. Les outils de l'édition-publication en ligne évoluent en multipliant les réceptacles destinés à recueillir les traces des lecteurs

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Cognitive Flexibility. The Cornerstone of Learning

International audienceCognitive flexibility is the cornerstone of learning and enables us to cope with a constantly changing environment. By adapting our knowledge and habits in order to respond to new situations, cognitive flexibility plays a fundamental role in learning.This book proposes a study of the fundamental notions of cognitive flexibility: its measurement and development, its links with metacognition and critical thinking and the role of context in its expression, as well as its involvement in discovering solutions, transferring knowledge and processing analogies. Convergent perspectives are also presented in order to paint a clear picture of cognitive flexibility and to discuss the issues at stake.Thanks to the combined views of specialists in cognitive and developmental psychology, Cognitive Flexibility suggests new educational possibilities based on the results of empirical work on the subject

L'effet du contexte sémantique dans l'élaboration de la représentation du problème

International audienc

Approche de la flexibilité cognitive dans la problématique de la résolution de problème

International audienceCet article propose une relecture de la notion de flexibilité cognitive. Après être revenu sur les liens entre flexibilité, rigidité et persévération, on propose une approche de la flexibilité dans la problématique de la résolution de pro-blème qui permet de rendre compte des différentes formes de flexibilité et des conduites de persévération. Cette approche est illustrée dans les problèmes de jarres de Luchins. On montre comment dans un même cadre conceptuel, il est possible d'interpréter les phénomènes de fixation décrits par les gestal-tistes et les conduites de persévération rapportées en neuropsychologie. Remerciements. Je tiens à remercier Jean-François Richard pour sa lecture attentive et ses remarques d'une première version du texte ainsi que Michel Piolat pour l'échange sur la perspective gestaltiste. Flexibility and problem solving: A contribution ABSTRACT This paper is a contribution to the definition of a complex behavioral process: the cognitive flexibility. By examining the literature, the different definitions lead to conclude that this notion is highly influenced by the tests used to measure a flexible behavior. We attempt to unify this notion and present an approach of the cognitive flexibility in the framework of the problem solving situations. These situations allow to identify two forms of flexibility, reactive and spontaneous flexibility, and the expression of perseverative behavior. We show how the well-known "water-jug volume-measuring problems" (Luchins, 1942) are well-suited to observe both these kind of flexibility. In those situations, spontaneous flexibility is interpreted as the capacity of adopting spontaneously different points of view on a same situation, even when reactive flexibility occurs in impasse situations and may lead either to the change of the procedure or to the elaboration of a new representation. In conclusion, we discuss how this approach permits to reinterpret in the same framework the phenomena of the fixation described by the Gestalt psychology and the perseverative behavior related in the more recent neuropsychological literature

La faim dans le monde : la biologie ne fait pas de miracle !

Clément Pierre, Debard Evelyne. La faim dans le monde : la biologie ne fait pas de miracle !. In: Raison présente, n°57, 1er trimestre 1981. Le matin des biologistes ? pp. 165-183