Efecto de la edad y la hora de la aspiración sobre la calidad oocitaria y el desarrollo in vitro en hembras bovinas prepúberes

Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la edad y el período de aspiración folicular so­bre la calidad del oocito y su posterior desarrollo in vitro con donadoras prepúberes Bos indicus mestizas. Materiales y métodos. Las hembras donantes recibieron un implante de norgestomet y benzoato de estradiol y cuatro días más tarde una dosis única de 150 UI de eCG. Las aspiración folicular se realizó en tres tiempos (24, 48, y h 56) y en cuatro edades (3, 6,10, y 12 meses). Todos los folículos antrales fueron aspirados y se realizaron procedimientos de maduración, fertilización y cultivo in vitro. Resultados. Se aspiraron 439 folículos en total, de los cuales 385 (87.7%) fueron de 2-5 mm, 41 (9.33%) fueron de 5-10 mm, y fueron 13 (2.3%) > 10 mm. Se recuperó un total de 373 oocitos (84.9%) y se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre los promedios de los animales de 6 (9.3) y 10 meses (32.3). 285 (76.4%) oocitos fueron sometidos a los procesos in vitro. La tasa de división fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) en los animales de 10 (27.1%) y 12 meses (26.8%). Aunque el número de embriones transferibles fue bajo, existieron di­ferencias entre las edades (p<0.05), obteniendo el porcentaje más alto los animales de 10 meses (12.6%). Conclusiones. Un período de aspiración superior a 24 h tiene un efecto negativo sobre la calidad del oocito. Algunos oocitos procedentes de terneras de 3 meses fueron competentes en el desarrollo in vitro, sin embargo, un mayor número de embriones se produjeron con hembras de 10 y 12 meses de edad

Algunos aspectos de la eficiencia reproductiva correlacionados con el semental equino

La eficiencia reproductiva del criadero es dependiente de la fertilidad de los sementales. Normalmente, se tiende a atribuir a la hembra la responsabilidad de los bajos resultados en la eficiencia reproductiva. Sin embargo, la evaluación del macho algunas veces no se realiza frente a las bajas tasas de concepción. Se debe atribuir mayor valor a las variables relacionadas con el garañón, ya que pueden contribuir en el aumento en las tasas de fertilidad del criadero, en las que se destaca la calidad espermática. Actualmente, además de los análisis clásicos, se emplean exámenes más minuciosos como la identificación de factores de crecimiento locales (IGF-I) en circulación sanguínea, la razón colesterol: fosfolípidos, la integridad de la membrana plasmática del espermatozoide y las moléculas receptoras de la zona pelúcida del oocito. Con esto se busca mayor poder predictivo de la fertilidad del garañó

Central and South America

The chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section follows an integrative approach in which hazards, exposure, vulnerability, impacts and risks are discussed following the eight climatically homogeneous sub-regions described in WGI AR6 (Figure 12.1). The second section assesses the implemented and proposed adaptation practices by sector; in doing so, it connects to the WGII AR6 crosschapter themes. The storyline is then a description of the hazards, exposure, vulnerability and impacts providing as much detail as is available in the literature at the sub-regional level, followed by the identification of risks as a result of the interaction of those aspects. This integrated sub-regional approach ensures a balance in the text, particularly for countries that are usually underrepresented in the literature but that show a high level of vulnerability and impacts, such as those observed in CA. The sectoral assessment of adaptation that follows is useful for policymakers and implementers, usually focused and organised by sectors, government ministries or secretaries that can easily locate the relevant adaptation information for their particular sector. To ensure coherence in the chapter, a summary of the assessed adaptation options by key risks is presented, followed by a feasibility assessment for some relevant adaptation options. The chapter closes with case studies and a discussion of the knowledge gaps evidenced in the process of the assessment.EEA Santa CruzFil: Castellanos, Edwin J. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Guatemala.Fil: Lemos, Maria Fernanda. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Astigarraga, Laura. Universidad de la República; Uruguay.Fil: Chacón, Noemí. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; Venezuela.Fil: Cuvi, Nicolás. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO); Ecuador.Fil: Huggel, Christian. University of Zurich; Switzerland.Fil: Miranda Sara, Liliana Raquel. Foro Ciudades para la Vida; Peru.Fil: Moncassim Vale, Mariana. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute for Space Research; Brasil.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Postigo, Julio C. Indiana University; Estados Unidos.Fil: Ramajo Gallardo, Laura. Adolfo Ibanez University; Chile.Fil: Roco, Lisandro. Catholic University of The North; Chile.Fil: Rusticucci, Matilde Monica. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Características de la pubertad en corderos de pelo y sus cruces en Colombia en condiciones de baja altitud

ABSTRACT Objective. Aimed to describe the characteristics of the onset of puberty in males in Colombian hair ram lambs (Ovino de Pelo Colombiano, OPC), and their crosses with Katahdin and Santa Inés sheep in a farm located in Villavicencio, Meta. Materials and methods. 15 lambs of three biotypes: OPC x OPC (OPC), Santa Ines x OPC (SO) and Katahdin X OPC (KO) from four until 12 months old. Ram lambs were grazing and they had supplementation with commercial salt and water ad libitum. Monthly body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular volume (TV) were measured and testosterone level were determined by Elisa test, and ultrasound of the two testicles was performed to determine the presence of the testicular mediastinum, also evaluating the presence and detachment of the urethral prolongation and then electro ejaculation was performed to determine the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the semen. Results. Genotype effect was significant for evolution of body BW, SC, TV over time. The SO and KO crosses presented the highest values in BW, whereas OPC lambs maintained a lower value until the end of the assay. At six months old, the three biotypes presented a minimum concentration of 150 million of sperm per ml with 30% of individual progressive motility. Conclusions. In non-seasonal tropical conditions in Colombia (Orinoquia), depending on the variables included, body weight, testicular development, pennis morphology, semen quality, sperm concentration and testosterone levels, it is postulated that around six months of age, the onset of puberty is displayed in the three biotypes.RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las características del inicio de la pubertad en corderos machos (Ovino de Pelo Colombiano, OPC) y sus cruces en una granja ubicada en Villavicencio, Meta. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 15 corderos de tres razas: OPC x OPC (OPC), Santa Inés x OPC (SO) y Katahdin X OPC (KO), a partir de los cuatro meses de edad, cinco corderos por cruzamiento, manejados en pastoreo rotacional, con sal mineralizada comercial y agua a voluntad. Mensualmente hasta los doce meses de edad, se evaluó el peso corporal (PC), circunferencia escrotal (CE), volumen testicular (VT), y se determinó la concentración de testosterona en suero mediante la prueba de Elisa, se determinó la presencia del mediastino testicular mediante ecografía y se evalúo el desprendimiento de la prolongación uretral. Finalmente se determinaron las características macroscópicas y microscópicas del eyaculado. Resultados. El efecto racial o de cruzamiento fue significativo para los resultados del PC, CE y VT en el tiempo. Los cruces OPC y KO presentaron los valores más altos en PC, mientras que los corderos OPC mantuvieron un valor menor de PC hasta el final de la investigación. Se realizaron al menos cuatro evaluaciones seminales hasta la presentación de una concentración mínima de 150 millones de espermatozoides por ml con un 30% de motilidad progresiva individual. Conclusiones. En condiciones tropicales no estacionales en Colombia (Orinoquia), para las variables peso corporal, desarrollo testicular, morfología del pene, calidad del semen, concentración de espermatozoides y niveles de testosterona, se postula que alrededor de los seis meses de edad, se presenta el inicio de la pubertad en los tres biotipos

Efecto de la edad y la hora de la aspiración sobre la calidad oocitaria y el desarrollo in vitro en hembras bovinas prepúberes

Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la edad y el período de aspiración folicular so­bre la calidad del oocito y su posterior desarrollo in vitro con donadoras prepúberes Bos indicus mestizas. Materiales y métodos. Las hembras donantes recibieron un implante de norgestomet y benzoato de estradiol y cuatro días más tarde una dosis única de 150 UI de eCG. Las aspiración folicular se realizó en tres tiempos (24, 48, y h 56) y en cuatro edades (3, 6,10, y 12 meses). Todos los folículos antrales fueron aspirados y se realizaron procedimientos de maduración, fertilización y cultivo in vitro. Resultados. Se aspiraron 439 folículos en total, de los cuales 385 (87.7%) fueron de 2-5 mm, 41 (9.33%) fueron de 5-10 mm, y fueron 13 (2.3%) > 10 mm. Se recuperó un total de 373 oocitos (84.9%) y se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre los promedios de los animales de 6 (9.3) y 10 meses (32.3). 285 (76.4%) oocitos fueron sometidos a los procesos in vitro. La tasa de división fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) en los animales de 10 (27.1%) y 12 meses (26.8%). Aunque el número de embriones transferibles fue bajo, existieron di­ferencias entre las edades (p<0.05), obteniendo el porcentaje más alto los animales de 10 meses (12.6%). Conclusiones. Un período de aspiración superior a 24 h tiene un efecto negativo sobre la calidad del oocito. Algunos oocitos procedentes de terneras de 3 meses fueron competentes en el desarrollo in vitro, sin embargo, un mayor número de embriones se produjeron con hembras de 10 y 12 meses de edad

Characteristics of puberty in hair lambs and their crosses in Colombia in low altitude conditions

Objective. Aimed to describe the characteristics of the onset of puberty in males in Colombian hair ram lambs (Ovino de Pelo Colombiano, OPC), and their crosses with Katahdin and Santa Inés sheep in a farm located in Villavicencio, Meta. Materials and methods. 15 lambs of three biotypes: OPC x OPC (OPC), Santa Ines x OPC (SO) and Katahdin X OPC (KO) from four until 12 months old. Ram lambs were grazing and they had supplementation with commercial salt and water ad libitum. Monthly body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular volume (TV) were measured and testosterone level were determined by Elisa test, and ultrasound of the two testicles was performed to determine the presence of the testicular mediastinum, also evaluating the presence and detachment of the urethral prolongation and then electro ejaculation was performed to determine the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the semen. Results. Genotype effect was significant for evolution of body BW, SC, TV over time. The SO and KO crosses presented the highest values in BW, whereas OPC lambs maintained a lower value until the end of the assay. At six months old, the three biotypes presented a minimum concentration of 150 million of sperm per ml with 30% of individual progressive motility. Conclusions. In non-seasonal tropical conditions in Colombia (Orinoquia), depending on the variables included, body weight, testicular development, pennis morphology, semen quality, sperm concentration and testosterone levels, it is postulated that around six months of age, the onset of puberty is displayed in the three biotypes

Effect of age and coasting period on oocytes quality and their in vitro development from prepubertal cattle

Objective. This study evaluated the effect of age and coasting period over oocyte quality and their posterior development under in vitro conditions from prepubertal Bos indicus crossbred donors. Material and methods. Donors females received a norgestomet implant and estradiol benzoate. Four days later a unique dosage of 150 IU of eCG was administered. Three coasting periods (24, 48, and 56 h) and four ages (3, 6, 10, and 12 months) were proved. All antral follicles were aspirated and an in vitro culture proceed was done. Results. 439 follicles were aspirated, of which 385 (87.7%) were 2-5 mm, 41 (9.33%) were 5-10 mm, and 13 (2.3%) were ›10 mm. After aspiration, a total of 373 oocytes (84.9%) were recovered, finding differences (p<0.05) between averages of 6 (9.3) and 10 months old animals (32.3). 285 (76.4 %) recovered oocytes were subjected to in vitro process. Cleavage values were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 10 (27.1%) and 12 months animals (26.8%). Although the number of transferable embryos was low, there were differences between ages (p<0.05) obtaining a higher percentage in age 3 (12.6%). Conclusions. A coasting period higher than 24 h has a negative effect on oocyte quality. Some oocytes from 3 months old calves were competent for in vitro embryo development; however, higher numbers of embryos were produced from 10 and 12 months of age prepuber females, indicating they have higher competency in vitro

Efecto de la edad y la hora de la aspiración sobre la calidad oocitaria y el desarrollo in vitro en hembras bovinas prepúberes

Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la edad y el período de aspiración folicular so-bre la calidad del oocito y su posterior desarrollo in vitro con donadoras prepúberes Bos indicus mestizas. Materiales y métodos. Las hembras donantes recibieron un implante de norgestomet y benzoato de estradiol y cuatro días más tarde una dosis única de 150 UI de eCG. Las aspiración folicular se realizó en tres tiempos (24, 48, y h 56) y en cuatro edades (3, 6,10, y 12 meses). Todos los folículos antrales fueron aspirados y se realizaron procedimientos de maduración, fertilización y cultivo in vitro. Resultados. Se aspiraron 439 folículos en total, de los cuales 385 (87.7%) fueron de 2-5 mm, 41 (9.33%) fueron de 5-10 mm, y fueron 13 (2.3%) > 10 mm. Se recuperó un total de 373 oocitos (84.9%) y se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre los promedios de los animales de 6 (9.3) y 10 meses (32.3). 285 (76.4%) oocitos fueron sometidos a los procesos in vitro. La tasa de división fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) en los animales de 10 (27.1%) y 12 meses (26.8%). Aunque el número de embriones transferibles fue bajo, existieron di-ferencias entre las edades (p<0.05), obteniendo el porcentaje más alto los animales de 10 meses (12.6%). Conclusiones. Un período de aspiración superior a 24 h tiene un efecto negativo sobre la calidad del oocito. Algunos oocitos procedentes de terneras de 3 meses fueron competentes en el desarrollo in vitro, sin embargo, un mayor número de embriones se produjeron con hembras de 10 y 12 meses de edad.Objective. This study evaluated the effect of age and coasting period over oocyte quality and their posterior development under in vitro conditions from prepubertal Bos indicus crossbred donors. Material and methods. Donors females received a norgestomet implant and estradiol benzoate. Four days later a unique dosage of 150 IU of eCG was administered. Three coasting periods (24, 48, and 56 h) and four ages (3, 6, 10, and 12 months) were proved. All antral follicles were aspirated and an in vitro culture proceed was done. Results. 439 follicles were aspirated, of which 385 (87.7%) were 2-5 mm, 41 (9.33%) were 5-10 mm, and 13 (2.3%) were ›10 mm. After aspiration, a total of 373 oocytes (84.9%) were recovered, finding differences (p<0.05) between averages of 6 (9.3) and 10 months old animals (32.3). 285 (76.4 %) recovered oocytes were subjected to in vitro process. Cleavage values were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 10 (27.1%) and 12 months animals (26.8%). Although the number of transferable embryos was low, there were differences between ages (p<0.05) obtaining a higher percentage in age 3 (12.6%). Conclusions. A coasting period higher than 24 h has a negative effect on oocyte quality. Some oocytes from 3 months old calves were competent for in vitro embryo development; however, higher numbers of embryos were produced from 10 and 12 months of age prepuber females, indicating they have higher competency in vitro