Comparative analysis of the energy expenditure in walking and the running in young men

Walking below 6 km/h and running above 8 km/h are efficient effort intensities to maintain the economy of energy expenditure in the mechanical work. However, in the intermediate range (between the transition of the walking to running), the mechanical work against the energy expenditure still requires analysis. So, the purpose of the present study was to compare the energy expenditure between walking and running in the load work immediately below of the inversion point in the caloric expenditure. Ten young male subjects participated of the study (24.2 ± 2.04 years; 180.7 ± 3.8 cm; 79.5 ± 8.6 kg). The transition speed was determined by two cardiopulmonary sub-maximum tests, a walking and a running test, with the starting load of 5 Km/h being followed by an increase of 0.5 km/h per minute until the limit of 9 Km/h. The transition load was defined comparing the energy expenditure between the two forms of movement execution. Following this structure, the volunteers made two cardiopulmonary sub-maximum tests, a walking and a running, with the load immediately below the point of inversion in the energy expenditure (7.4 ± 0.32 km/h) during 30 minutes. The normality of the results was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by the Test t student to the related samples. Values of caloric expenditure on walking (293.5 ±47.6 kcal) and running (309.4 ±23.7 kcal) are not different (P\u3e 0.05). In conclusion, the data obtained, showed that independently of the locomotion way (walking or running) the energy expenditure was similar

Evaluation of neuromuscular indicators in volleyball players in different periodization stages

The understanding of athletes’ physical capacities in collective modalities during the training stages is important in the organization of sports preparation. So points up, the skeletal muscle adaptation capacity to systematized training is resulting mostly by neuromuscular alterations. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of a training program on neuromuscular variables, in volleyball athletes, in differents periodization stages. Participated of the study 12 women volleyball athletes, with 18.92±0.76 years, at least two years staff volleyball participation. The total training period was 40 weeks and after initial evaluation clinic and anthropometric, the volunteers were submitted to speed resistance test protocol to determined maximum, average and minimum power, using Forward-Backward (Borin et al, 2003) test, in different moments of periodization: Preparatory stage (M1); Pre-competitive (M2); Competitive-I (M3) and Competitive-II (M4). The collected data were kept in computational bank and produced information in descriptive way (measures of centrality and dispersion) and for inferential (variance analyses for the model with a supplemented factor with the test of multiple comparisons of Tukey). With respect to average power, there was a increase from M1 (53.95±6.85 w) to M2 (61.16±10.32 w), and then a decrease in M3 (58.98±8.64 w); finally a increase in M4 (61.84±7.14 w). The results indicate that there were positive changes in the average power during the training, pointing to the highest values in important stages of the periodization, the competitive phase

Modelo Pragmatista de Decisão no Direito: do Mentalismo Instrumental à Intersubjetividade Comunicativa

This paper aimed to evaluate the method of making rational decision derived from the philosophy of Kant as a foundation paradigma of public decisions and, more specifically, of legal decisions. Based on the communicative action theory of Jürgen Habermas, the question is  if  the  transcendental  model  of  decision-making  meets  the  democratic  demands. Methodologically, the qualitative research was based on doctrinal sources about the theme, promoting a legal and critical analysis. Habermas' communicative bias raises the hypothesis that Kant's transcendental method, which influenced so much the theory of justice and Law, entails the adoption of an objective posture by the decision maker, something incompatible with the need for broad participation and the intersubjectivity prescribed by democracy . It was concluded that the public decision-making process must overcome the transcendental, decisionistic  and  instrumental  models,  adopting  pragmatic  model,  which  is  more intersubjective and communicative, therefore more consistente with the participatory bias of democracy.O presente artigo objetivou avaliar o método de tomada decisão racional derivado da filosofia de Kant como paradigma de fundamentação de decisões públicas e, mais especificamente, de decisões jurídicas. A partir da teoria da ação comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas, questiona-se se a modelo transcendental de tomada de decisões atende às demandas democráticas. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa qualitativa valeu-se de fontes doutrinárias sobre tema, promovendo uma análise jurídico-crítica. O viés comunicativo habermasiano levanta a hipótese de que o método transcendental kantiano, que tanto influenciou a teoria da justiça e do Direito, enseja a adoção de uma postura objetivizante por parte do decisor, algo incompatível com a necessidade de ampla participação e intersubjetividade prescrita pela democracia. Concluiu-se que o processo de tomada de decisões públicas deve superar os modelos transcendentais, decisionistas e instrumentais, adotando o modelo pragmatista, mais intersubjetivo e comunicativo, logo, mais condizente com o viés participativo da democracia

New auxiliary indicators for the differential diagnosis of functional cardiorespiratory limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To differentiate the nature of functional cardiorespiratory limitations during exercise in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or congestive heart failure (CHF) and to determine indicators that may help their classifications. METHODS: The study comprised 40 patients: 23 with COPD and 17 with CHF. All individuals underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill. RESULTS: The values of peak gas exchange ratio (R peak), peak carbon dioxide production (VCO2 peak), and peak oxygen ventilatory equivalent (V E O2 peak) were higher in the patients with CHF than in those with COPD, and, therefore, those were the variables that characterized the differences between the groups. For group classification, the differentiating functions with the R peak, VCO2 peak (L/min), and V E O2 peak variables were used as follows: group COPD: - 44.886 + 78.832 x R peak + 5.442 x VCO2 peak + 0.336 x V E O2 peak; group CHF: - 69.251 + 89.740 x R peak + 8.461 x VCO2 peak + 0.574 x V E O2 peak. The differentiating function, whose result is greater, correctly classifies the patient's group as 90%. CONCLUSION: The R peak, VCO2 peak, and V E O2 peak values may be used to identify the cause of the functional cardiorespiratory limitations in patients with COPD and CHF.Centro de Medicina da Atividade Física e do EsporteUNIFESP-EPM Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarUNIFESP, EPM, Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarSciEL

Comparação da composição corporal e do nível de atividade física de alunos do ensino médio entre uma escola pública e uma particular de Itapeva-SP

O hábito alimentar inadequado e a diminuição da prática de exercícios físicos culminam para o aumento excessivo de gordura corporal em adolescentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a composição corporal, os hábitos alimentares, nível de atividade física e nível socioeconômico em adolescentes do ensino médio entre uma escola pública e uma particular do município de Itapeva-SP. Foram avaliados 200 adolescentes entre 15 e 17 anos do sexo masculino e feminino. As alunas da rede particular apresentaram maiores valores de estatura, ingestão de carboidratos e maior concentração nas classes socioeconômicas mais elevadas, e menores valores de índice de massa corporal, dobra cutânea tricipital, ingestão de proteínas e proteínas de alto valor biológico quando comparado com as alunas da escola pública. Os alunos da rede particular apresentaram maiores valores de ingestão de energia (kcal), e maior concentração nas classes socioeconômicas mais elevadas quando comparado com os alunos da escola pública. Cerca de 50% dos voluntários de ambas as escolas eram irregularmente ativos. Programas que invistam na prevenção de sobrepeso e obesidade, e aumento da prática de atividade física são necessários para promoção da saúde dos escolares adolescentes

Estradiol-17β altera expressão proteica endometrial em fêmeas bovinas tratadas no 17º dia do ciclo estral

Em fêmeas bovinas, a liberação de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) é induzida in vivo pelo estradiol (E2). Acredita-se que o E2 estimule a síntese de proteínas essenciais na produção de PGF2α. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do E2 no incremento da concentração de proteínas totais e na modificação da composição proteica em explantes endometriais de fêmeas bovinas tratadas com E2 no 17º dia do ciclo estral. Novilhas cruzadas foram tratadas no 17º dia do ciclo estral, via intravenosa, com 0 mg (Grupo Controle; n = 6) ou 3 mg de E2 (Grupo E2; n = 6) e abatidas duas horas após. Explantes endometriais foram isolados, submetidos à extração de proteínas totais, quantificados e avaliados por Eletroforese Unidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida 10% SDS-PAGE. A concentração de proteínas totais não diferiu entre os grupos, 6296,10 + 439,90 µg/mL para o Grupo Controle e 8426,56 + 1156,00 µg/mL para o Grupo E2 (p = 0,1158). Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) no perfil proteico dos explantes endometriais em géis corados com Coomasie Blue. Em géis corados com Nitrato de Prata verificou-se no Grupo E2 maior porcentagem relativa das bandas referentes ao peso molecular de 75 a 76 kDa (8,40% vs. 4,89%; no Grupo E2 e Controle respectivamente; p < 0,05) e 108 a 110 kDa (6,85% vs. 3,84%; no Grupo E2 e Controle respectivamente; p < 0,05). Observou-se no Grupo E2 menor porcentagem relativa da banda referente ao peso molecular de 90 kDa (5,78% vs. 9,83%; no Grupo E2 e Controle respectivamente; p < 0,05). Conclui-se que o E2 não incrementa a concentração de proteínas no endométrio, entretanto, altera a composição proteica nos explantes endometriais, indicando que o E2 altera a expressão de proteínas específicas

Comparative analysis of flexibility in active and inactive elderly women

Com o envelhecimento ocorre um declínio na aptidão física, uma variável muito atingida é a flexibilidade, e a prática de exercícios físicos pelos idosos é um importante fator para a manutenção da saúde e aptidão física no decorrer do processo de envelhecimento. Objetivo: Comparar a flexibilidade de mulheres idosas praticantes hidroginástica, treinamento combinado e não ativas. Participaram 60 voluntárias, idade entre 60 e 80 anos, agrupadas em: ativas praticantes de hidroginástica (G1) 20 voluntárias; ativas praticantes de treinamento combinado (G2) 20 voluntárias; não ativas (G3) 20 voluntárias. Métodos: As voluntárias foram submetidas à avaliação antropométrica com medidas de massa corporal, estatura e circunferência da cintura e da flexibilidade com medidas da distância alcançada no teste de sentar e alcançar e da amplitude da flexão e extensão do quadril através do goniômetro. Foram verificados os pressupostos de normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, para a comparação entre os grupos (G1, G2, G3) foram realizados o teste Anova one way, seguido do post hoc de Tukey para os dados com distribuição paramétrica, e o teste de Friedman para amostras com distribuição não paramétrica. Aplicou-se o nível de significância de p &lt; 0,05. Resultados: Nas variáveis antropométricas não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre grupos. Na flexibilidade, foi encontrada diferença significativa na flexão e na extensão de quadril, os grupos G1 e G2 apresentaram maiores valores que o G3, não houve diferença significativa entre G1 e G2, não existindo outras diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que os treinamentos de hidroginástica e combinado proporcionaram melhora na flexão e extensão do quadril das mulheres idosas, sem influência nas outras variáveis estudadas.With aging there comes a decline in physical fitness, including decreasing flexibility, and the practice of physical activity by older adults is an important factor for maintaining health and physical fitness during the aging process. Objective: To compare the flexibility of elderly women who practice either hydrogymnastics or combination exercise training with those who are not active. Sixty females participated in the study, aged between 60 and 80 years and divided into three groups: 20 subjects who actively practiced hydrogymnastics (G1), 20 subjects who actively practiced combination exercise training (G2), and 20 subjects who were not-active (G3). Methods: The subjects underwent anthropometric measurements consisting of weight, height, waist circumference, and flexibility. Measurements were taken with distance reached in the sit and reach test and the extent of flexion and hip extension by means of a goniometer. The assumptions of normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test for comparison between groups (G1, G2, G3) were checked, the one way ANOVA test, followed by the Tukey post hoc for the data with parametric distribution, and the Friedman test for samples with non-parametric distribution were performed. A significance level of p &lt; 0.05 was assumed. Results: The anthropometric variables revealed no significant differences between groups. In the analysis of flexibility, significant differences were found in hip flexion and extension; the G1 and G2 groups showed greater values than the G3, and there were no significant differences between G1 and G2 nor between groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that hydrogymnastics and combination exercise training provided improvements in flexion and hip extension in elderly women, with no influence on the other variables studied

Estradiol-17&#946; altera expressão proteica endometrial em fêmeas bovinas tratadas no 17º dia do ciclo estral

In bovine females the release of prostaglandin F2&#945; (PGF2&#945;) is induced in vivo by estradiol (E2). It is believed that E2 stimulates the synthesis of essential proteins for the production of PGF2&#945;. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of E2 in increasing the concentration of total protein and modifying the protein composition of endometrial explants from bovine females treated with E2 at the 17th day of estrous cycle. Crossbred heifers were treated at 17th day of estrous cycle intravenously with 0 mg (Control Group; n = 6) or 3 mg of E2 (E2 Group; n = 6) and killed two hours after. Endometrial explants were isolated, subjected to extraction of total protein, quantified and were analyzed by one-dimensional electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel 10% SDS-PAGE. The concentration of total protein did not differ between groups, 6296.10 + 439.90 µg/mL for the Control Group and 8426.56 + 1156.00 µg/mL for E2 Group (p = 0.1158). There was no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) in the protein profile of endometrial explants in gels stained with Coomasie Blue. In gels stained with Silver Nitrate it was verified in E2 Group greater relative percentage of the bands referring to the molecular weight of 75 to 76 kDa (8.40% vs. 4.89% in E2 Group and Control respectively; p < 0.05) and 108 to 110 Kda (6.85% vs. 3.84% in E2 Group and Control respectively, p < 0.05). It was observed in E2 Group lower relative percentage of the band referring to the molecular weight of 90 kDa (5.78% vs. 9.83% in E2 Group and control respectively; p < 0.05). We concluded that the E2 does not increase the protein concentration in the endometrium, however, it modifies the proteinic composition in the endometrial explants, indicating that E2 alters the expression of specific proteins.Em fêmeas bovinas, a liberação de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) é induzida in vivo pelo estradiol (E2). Acredita-se que o E2 estimule a síntese de proteínas essenciais na produção de PGF2α. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do E2 no incremento da concentração de proteínas totais e na modificação da composição proteica em explantes endometriais de fêmeas bovinas tratadas com E2 no 17º dia do ciclo estral. Novilhas cruzadas foram tratadas no 17º dia do ciclo estral, via intravenosa, com 0 mg (Grupo Controle; n = 6) ou 3 mg de E2 (Grupo E2; n = 6) e abatidas duas horas após. Explantes endometriais foram isolados, submetidos à extração de proteínas totais, quantificados e avaliados por Eletroforese Unidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida 10% SDS-PAGE. A concentração de proteínas totais não diferiu entre os grupos, 6296,10 + 439,90 µg/mL para o Grupo Controle e 8426,56 + 1156,00 µg/mL para o Grupo E2 (p = 0,1158). Não houve diferença significativa (p &gt; 0,05) no perfil proteico dos explantes endometriais em géis corados com Coomasie Blue. Em géis corados com Nitrato de Prata verificou-se no Grupo E2 maior porcentagem relativa das bandas referentes ao peso molecular de 75 a 76 kDa (8,40% vs. 4,89%; no Grupo E2 e Controle respectivamente; p &lt; 0,05) e 108 a 110 kDa (6,85% vs. 3,84%; no Grupo E2 e Controle respectivamente; p &lt; 0,05). Observou-se no Grupo E2 menor porcentagem relativa da banda referente ao peso molecular de 90 kDa (5,78% vs. 9,83%; no Grupo E2 e Controle respectivamente; p &lt; 0,05). Conclui-se que o E2 não incrementa a concentração de proteínas no endométrio, entretanto, altera a composição proteica nos explantes endometriais, indicando que o E2 altera a expressão de proteínas específicas

Crack-cocaine users have less family cohesion than alcohol users

Objective: Many studies correlate characteristics of family functioning and the development of drug addiction. This study sought to evaluate and compare the family environment styles of two groups of psychoactive substance users: 1) alcohol-only users and 2) crack-cocaine users. Methods: Three hundred and sixty-four users of alcohol, crack-cocaine, and other drugs, recruited from research centers in four Brazilian capitals participated in this study. Subjects were evaluated through the Family Environment Scale and the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version (ASI-6). ASI-6 t-scores were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests. A final model was obtained using a logistic regression analysis. All analyses were adjusted for partner, age, and psychiatric t-score. Results: We found a significant difference between groups in the cohesion subscale (p = 0.044). The post-hoc test revealed a difference of 1.06 points (95%CI 0.11-2.01) between groups 1 (6.4560.28) and 2 (5.3860.20). No significant between-group differences were observed in the other subscales. However, categorical analyses of variables regarding family dynamic showed that crack users more often reported that sometimes people in their family hit each other (30.4% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.007) and that people in their family frequently compared each other regarding work and/or school achievement (57.2% vs. 42.6%, p = 0.041). Conclusion: These results suggest that families of crack-cocaine users are less cohesive than families of alcohol users. This type of family environment may affect treatment outcome, and should thus be adequately approached

Acute cardiopulmonary responses of women in strength training

OBJETIVE: Investigate the cardiopulmonary responses of one strength training session in young women. METHOD: Twenty-three women aged between 18 and 29 years participated in this study. All the volunteers were submitted to the following tests: cardiopulmonary and one-repetition maximum (1-RM). The strength training protocol had emphasis on muscular hypertrophy, three sets from eight to twelve repetitions under 70% of 1-RM, with a one minute thirty-second break between sets. During the training session, the cardiopulmonary variables were measured with a metabolic gas analyzer and a telemetry module. RESULTS: The results of the oxygen consumption in the training session were from 8.43 + 1.76 ml/kg/min and of the heart rate of 108.08 + 15.26 bpm. The results of the oxygen consumption and of the heart rate in the training were lower (p < 0.01) than in the ventilatory threshold and of the oxygen consumption and the heart rate reserves. CONCLUSION: The obtained data show that the present protocol of strength training provided low overload to the cardiopulmonary system of young women.OBJETIVO: Investigar as respostas cardiopulmonares de uma sessão de treinamento de força em mulheres jovens. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 23 mulheres, com idade entre 18 e 29 anos. Todas as voluntárias foram submetidas aos seguintes testes: cardiopulmonar e de uma repetição máxima (1-RM). O protocolo de treinamento de força teve ênfase em hipertrofia muscular, três séries de oito a 12 repetições a 70% de 1-RM, com intervalos de um minuto e 30 segundos entre as séries. Durante a sessão de treinamento foi realizada a medida das variáveis cardiopulmonares por meio de analisador de gases metabólicos e módulo de telemetria. RESULTADOS: Os resultados do consumo de oxigênio da sessão de treinamento foram de 8,43 ± 1,76 ml/kg/min e da frequência cardíaca de 108,08 ± 15,26 bpm. Os resultados do consumo de oxigênio e da frequência cardíaca do treino foram inferiores (p < 0,01) ao do limiar ventilatório e das reservas do consumo de oxigênio e da frequência cardíaca. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos indicam que o presente protocolo de treinamento de força proporcionou pequena sobrecarga ao sistema cardiorrespiratório de mulheres jovens.1215Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES