Crustal Characteristics in the Subduction Zone of Mexico: Implication of the Tectonostratigraphic Terranes on Slab Tearing

During the past years, significant work has been done for studying the crustal anisotropy and state of stress of the Mexican subduction zone. At the same time, there is new evidence of the geometry of the subducted slab proposing subduction tearing. Here, we present a study of the Earth crust using three different methods: azimuthal anisotropy based on ambient noise, shear‐wave splitting of tectonic tremors, and moment tensor inversions of the earthquakes of 7 September 2017 M_w 8.2 Tehuantepec, Mexico. This earthquake initiated a seismic sequence that triggered shallow seismicity and aftershocks. The shallow earthquakes fall into a region where there were few published focal mechanism higher than M_w 4.5. Two slab tearings: in the Michoacán–Guerrero border and in central Oaxaca, best represent the slab geometry of the Mexican subduction zone. At the Michoacán–Guerrero, the subducted slab is subhorizontal, whereas in central Oaxaca the plate is characterized by northeast vergence. We interpret that the mantle’s flow in this part of the subducted slab produces multiple alignments in the crust and differentiates the tectonostratigraphic terranes of the southern region of Mexico

Crustal Characteristics in the Subduction Zone of Mexico: Implication of the Tectonostratigraphic Terranes on Slab Tearing

During the past years, significant work has been done for studying the crustal anisotropy and state of stress of the Mexican subduction zone. At the same time, there is new evidence of the geometry of the subducted slab proposing subduction tearing. Here, we present a study of the Earth crust using three different methods: azimuthal anisotropy based on ambient noise, shear‐wave splitting of tectonic tremors, and moment tensor inversions of the earthquakes of 7 September 2017 M_w 8.2 Tehuantepec, Mexico. This earthquake initiated a seismic sequence that triggered shallow seismicity and aftershocks. The shallow earthquakes fall into a region where there were few published focal mechanism higher than M_w 4.5. Two slab tearings: in the Michoacán–Guerrero border and in central Oaxaca, best represent the slab geometry of the Mexican subduction zone. At the Michoacán–Guerrero, the subducted slab is subhorizontal, whereas in central Oaxaca the plate is characterized by northeast vergence. We interpret that the mantle’s flow in this part of the subducted slab produces multiple alignments in the crust and differentiates the tectonostratigraphic terranes of the southern region of Mexico

Marco lógico como herramienta de planificación para proyectos sociales en el ámbito del servicio eléctrico.

Access to electricity for any human being is a factor that directly influences their quality of life. In this research, a social project is proposed to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of the Wee sector, located in the Canton Sevilla Don Bosco, Province of Morona Santiago since in this sector, a large part of the population lacks access to an adequate electrical service, which has a significant impact on the human and social development of the people who reside there. The objective of this study is to identify the reasons that explain the lack of access to electrical service in the Wee sector and propose an effective solution to this problem.El acceso a la energía eléctrica para cualquier ser humano es un factor el cual influye directamente en su calidad de vida. En la presente investigación se propone un proyecto social que mejore la calidad de vida de los habitantes del sector de Wee, ubicado en el Cantón Sevilla Don Bosco, Provincia de Morona Santiago ya que, en dicho sector, gran parte de la población carece de acceso a un servicio eléctrico de adecuado, lo cual tiene un impacto significativo en el desarrollo humano y social de las personas que residen allí. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las razones que explican la falta de acceso al servicio eléctrico en el sector Wee y proponer una solución efectiva a esta problemática

HIGHLAND AVIAN SURVEYS IN CERRO HOYA NATIONAL PARK (AZUERO, PANAMÁ) REVEAL NEW RANGE EXTENSIONS, INCLUDING A RARE HUMMINGBIRD (SELASPHORUS SP.)

Abstract ∙ Cerro Hoya National Park in Panama (CHNP) is one of the least explored protected areas in southern Mesoamerica. It houses the greatest ecosystem diversity in the degraded Azuero Peninsula, but its inaccessibility hinders expeditions and scientific research. Avian richness in CHNP was previously estimated by combining data from five ornithological expeditions at ca. 225 species. However, the highest altitude areas remained relatively unexplored and some historical records were not verified. We intensively surveyed highlands and foothills of CHNP and identified five new range extensions. One of these included a Selasphorus sp., of which we collected three male (two adults, one immature) and one female specimens. We compared morphology and plumage color patterns of these with closely related species in detail and confirm their likely classification with the endangered Glow-throated Hummingbird (Selasphorus ardens). This species is rare, with few documented sightings, confirmed specimens, and no unambiguous female museum specimen until now. We also confirmed historical records and provide 26 unlisted species (one by an external source) to CHNP. Our results confirm that Cerro Hoya is a highly biodiverse skyisland of Mesoamerica. We urge improved enforcement of its protection in combination with further studies of the ecology and evolutionary processes in this unique region. Resumen · Censos ornitológicos en ambientes de altura en el Parque Nacional Cerro Hoya (Azuero, Panamá) revelan nuevas extensiones de distribución, incluyendo un inusual colibrí (Selasphorus sp.) El Parque Nacional Cerro Hoya (PNCH) es una de las áreas protegidas menos exploradas de Panamá y el sur de Mesoamérica. Este alberga la mayor diversidad de ecosistemas en la degradada península de Azuero, pero su inaccesibilidad dificulta la investigación científica. Combinando datos de cinco expediciones ornitológicas, se estimó una riqueza aviar de alrededor de 225 especies. No obstante, las áreas de mayor altitud permanecieron relativamente inexploradas y algunos registros históricos no fueron verificados. Exploramos intensivamente las tierras altas y estribaciones del PNCH e identificamos cinco nuevas extensiones de distribución. Uno de estos incluye Selasphorus sp., del cual colectamos tres especímenes machos (dos adultos, un juvenil) y una hembra. Comparamos detalladamente la morfología y los patrones de coloración del plumaje con especímenes de especies relacionadas estrechamente. Confirmamos que estos individuos podrían pertenecer al amenazado Colibrí Ardiente (Selasphorus ardens). Esta especie es rara, con pocos avistamientos y especímenes de museo con información inconsistente, principalmente en hembras. También confirmamos los registros históricos y agregamos 26 especies no listadas para el PNCH (una obtenida por fuente externa). Nuestros resultados confirman que Cerro Hoya es una isla-cielo de gran biodiversidad en Mesoamérica. Es urgente mejorar la aplicación de su protección, así como estudiar la ecología y los procesos evolutivos en esta región única

Servicios Municipales Propuesta de manejo de los desechos solidos Alcaldía San Rafael del Sur año 2019

En la presente Propuesta de manejo de los desechos sólidos alcaldía San Rafael del Sur año 2019 Se evaluó el manejo de los residuos sólidos ejecutado por la comuna, encontrándose eficiencias en la cobertura del servicio de recolección. La comuna de san Rafael del sur realiza la cobertura de la recolección de los residuos sólidos mediante un rol establecido para cada camión recolector, con los cuales se ha logrado cumplir satisfactoriamente en cada barrio o ruta asignada. En caso del personal que actualmente dispone la dirección de servicios municipales se cumple con la limpieza y recolección de los residuos sólidos que se generan en el Municipio, pero debido al crecimiento poblacional y del desarrollo en construcciones de obras públicas como parques, canchas, paseos peatonales tanto en las zona urbana y rural, es necesario la contratación de más personal para cumplir con la limpieza de las nuevas obras públicas. El trabajo que ha desempeñado la dirección de servicios municipales de la Alcaldía Municipal de San Rafael del Sur con respecto a la recolección y limpieza pública se realiza de forma apropiada. El vertedero municipal actualmente no cumple las medidas sanitarias relacionadas al manejo de los residuos sólidos ya que se trata de un vertedero a cielo abierto que genera contaminación al aire, agua y suelo además se encuentra ubicado cercano de la población y podría provocar enfermedades o epidemias por la contaminación. Parte esta situación se está perdiendo recursos económicos debido a que no se están aprovechando los residuos sólidos que produce el Municipio y pueden ser reutilizados o la realización de prácticas de compostaje. Identificada la problemática relacionada al manejo de los residuos, se presenta la propuesta de manejo adecuado de los desechos sólidos en el municipio que nos permita disminuir la contaminación ambiental y obtener productos aprovechables mediante el adecuado tratamiento de los residuos sólidos, tanto orgánicos como inorgánicos

Feed withdrawal periods in the quality of broilers meat raised in the conventional system

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes períodos de jejum alimentar (três, seis, nove, 12, 15 e 18 horas) na perda de peso da ave viva, rendimento da carcaça quente e fria (antes e após o resfriamento no chiller). Os atributos de qualidade da carne de peito de frango criados no sistema convencional tais como cor, capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), pH, força de cisalhamento e perda por cozimento foram avaliados. Neste experimento foram utilizados frangos de corte da linhagem Ross com 46 dias de idade. Os resultados mostraram que períodos prolongados de jejum alimentar teve efeito estatístico (P<0,05) na perda de peso das aves vivas. Essa perda foi de 2,27% para três horas a 7,51% para 18 horas de jejum alimentar. A queda no rendimento da carcaça a quente começou às nove horas de jejum (P<0,05) com rendimento de 67,4% após três horas a 66,2 % após nove horas de jejum alimentar. O rendimento da carcaça resfriada diminuiu de 74,8% após três horas a 73,2% após seis horas de jejum (P<0,05). Os maiores rendimentos de carcaça foram obtidos com os frangos de corte submetidos aos períodos entre 3 e 6 horas de jejum (carcaça quente) e três horas (carcaça resfriada). Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05) para o valor de L*, a* e b*, CRA, pH e perda por cozimento da carne de peito devido aos diferentes períodos de jejum alimentar. Os valores da correlação de Pearson mostraram uma correlação negativa (P<0,001) tanto entre o pH e o valor de L* quanto entre o valor de L* e a CRA nos diferentes períodos de jejum.This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of different feed withdrawal (FW) periods (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 hours) on the live bird weight loss, dressed and chilled carcass yield (before and after of water chilling). The attributes of chilled breast meat quality of broilers raised in the conventional system were also evaluated, such as color, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, shear force and cooking loss. In this experiment, 46-day-old Ross broilers were used. The results of this study indicated that prolonged FW periods have a significant effect (P<0.05) on live broiler weight losses, from 2.27% for 3 hours FW to 7.51% for 18 hours FW. The reduction in dressed carcass yields became statistically significant after 9 hours of FW, ranging from carcass yield of 67.4% after 3hours to 66.2% after 9 hours FW. Chilled carcass yields dropped from 74.8% after 3 hours to 73.2% after 6 hours FW (P<0.05). The highest carcass yields were observed for broilers submitted to FW periods between 3 and 6 hours (dressed carcass yield) and 3 hours (chilled carcass yield). No statistical differences (P>0.05) were observed for L*, a* and b values, WHC, pH, cooking losses and pH of the breast meat submitted to different FW periods. Pearson correlation values showed a negative (P<0.001) correlation between pH and L* value, and between L* value and WHC, which varied with FW periods

A simple method for short-term storage and transportation of spermatophores of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei )

The development of a shipping method for spermatophores of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei would open new opportunities for sharing and improving genetic resources of shrimp worldwide. Seventy spermatophores were collected daily for 5 days (a total of 350 spermatophores from 175 shrimp), packed in microcentrifuge tubes containing 100 ?L of an extender solution, and placed in a Styrofoam box supplied with a thermal insulating layer and refrigerant pack to keep the samples cooled at ~14°C. Shipment of samples took ~26 hours. At arrival, spermatophores were randomly sampled either as soon as the box arrived (~27 h, Group A) or five hours later (~32 h, Group B) to assess sperm viability. Spermatozoal morphology was evaluated by microscopy (100 cells per shrimp). Cells without spikes or irregular in shape were recorded as abnormal; otherwise cell morphology was recorded as normal. Spermatozoal viability was assessed by flow cytometry, whereby three populations were identified: (1) cells with intact cytoplasmatic membrane (viable), (2) cells with disrupted membrane (non-viable), and (3) cells in transition, changing from intact to disrupted membrane (transitional). Significant differences were found in spermatozoal morphology between group A and B (p = 0.002), with the highest percentage of normal spermatozoa (92 + 15%) found in Group A. No significant differences were found in viable (p = 0.723) and transitional spermatophore populations (p = 0.595) assessed by flow cytometry. Non-viable populations increased with time in storage (p = 0.039). The highest percentage of non-viable cells (81 + 7%) was obtained in Group B. These results indicate that spermatophores can be cooled and transported to distant locations maintaining normal morphology and viability. These indirect quality indicators suggest that spermatozoa may be used for different purposes, including artificial insemination.The development of a shipping method for spermatophores of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei would open new opportunities for sharing and improving genetic resources of shrimp worldwide. Seventy spermatophores were collected daily for 5 days (a total of 350 spermatophores from 175 shrimp), packed in microcentrifuge tubes containing 100 ?L of an extender solution, and placed in a Styrofoam box supplied with a thermal insulating layer and refrigerant pack to keep the samples cooled at ~14°C. Shipment of samples took ~26 hours. At arrival, spermatophores were randomly sampled either as soon as the box arrived (~27 h, Group A) or five hours later (~32 h, Group B) to assess sperm viability. Spermatozoal morphology was evaluated by microscopy (100 cells per shrimp). Cells without spikes or irregular in shape were recorded as abnormal; otherwise cell morphology was recorded as normal. Spermatozoal viability was assessed by flow cytometry, whereby three populations were identified: (1) cells with intact cytoplasmatic membrane (viable), (2) cells with disrupted membrane (non-viable), and (3) cells in transition, changing from intact to disrupted membrane (transitional). Significant differences were found in spermatozoal morphology between group A and B (p = 0.002), with the highest percentage of normal spermatozoa (92 + 15%) found in Group A. No significant differences were found in viable (p = 0.723) and transitional spermatophore populations (p = 0.595) assessed by flow cytometry. Non-viable populations increased with time in storage (p = 0.039). The highest percentage of non-viable cells (81 + 7%) was obtained in Group B. These results indicate that spermatophores can be cooled and transported to distant locations maintaining normal morphology and viability. These indirect quality indicators suggest that spermatozoa may be used for different purposes, including artificial insemination

Projectos de investigação e vinculação em Economia Social e Solidária, uma visão da Universidade Católica de Cuenca

This research examines beneficiaries' perception of linkage projects developed by the Catholic University of Cuenca focused on the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE), specifically in Zone 6 of Ecuador. In the first instance, descriptive research on the social and solidarity economy at the international and national levels was conducted, and the inclusion of the SSE within the academic environment was studied. As part of the research, the projects executed by the University were identified, both in the axis of Linkage with Society and Research. Thus, it was refined according to the contribution to the development of the SSE sector. The instruments used in the methodology were surveys directed to beneficiaries of the previously established projects. The main result determined that although there is indeed support from Higher Education to the SSEalthough there is indeed support from Higher Education to the SSE, it is necessary to provide the support that allows sustainability in the processes of the different projects, seeking the empowerment of the main actors, through strategies that articulate the substantive functions of teaching, research and linkage with the social and solidarity economy to improve the quality of life of the beneficiary population.La presente investigación se enfoca en examinar la percepción de los beneficiarios sobre los proyectos de investigación y vinculación desarrollados por la Universidad Católica de Cuenca enfocados en la Economía Social y Solidaria (ESS) específicamente en la Zona 6 del Ecuador. En primera instancia se realizó una investigación descriptiva sobre la economía social y solidaria a nivel internacional y nacional, se estudió la inclusión de la ESS dentro del ámbito académico. Como parte de la investigación se identificó los proyectos ejecutados tanto en el eje de Vinculación con la Sociedad como de Investigación por parte de la Universidad, siendo así que, se depuró según la contribución con el desarrollo del sector de la ESS. Los instrumentos usados en la metodología fueron las encuestas dirigidas a beneficiarios de los proyectos previamente establecidos. Como resultado principal se determinó que, si bien es cierto existe el apoyo de la Educación Superior a la ESS, es necesario brindar un soporte que permita sostenibilidad en los procesos de los distintos proyectos, buscando el empoderamiento de los principales actores, mediante estrategias que articulen a las funciones sustantivas docencia, investigación y vinculación con la ESS mejorando la calidad de vida de la población beneficiaria.Esta investigação visa examinar a percepção dos beneficiários sobre projectos de investigação e vinculação desenvolvidos pela Universidade Católica de Cuenca, centrados na Economia Social e Solidária (ESS), especificamente na Zona 6 do Equador. Em primeiro lugar, foi realizada uma investigação descritiva sobre a ESS a nível internacional e nacional, bem como a sua inclusão no meio académico. Como parte da investigação, foram identificados os projectos realizados pela Universidade, tanto em termos da sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento do sector da ESS. Os instrumentos utilizados na metodologia foram inquéritos dirigidos aos beneficiários dos projectos, anteriormente estabelecidos. Como resultado principal foi determinado que, embora seja verdade, existe apoio do Ensino Superior à ESS, é necessário fornecer apoio que permita a sustentabilidade nos processos dos diferentes projectos, procurando a capacitação dos principais actores, através de estratégias que articulem as funções substantivas de ensino, investigação e relação com a ESS, para melhorar a qualidade de vida da população beneficiária

Buenas prácticas en emprendimientos lácteos, desde la economía social y solidaria en Biblián-Ecuador

The dairy activity has demonstrated with its value chain and the number of jobs it generates its relevance in the Ecuadorian economy in the face of the socioeconomic adversities it has experienced in recent times, from a social and solidarity approach, to reactivate productive development in the country. In this context, the general objective of this article was to explore the good practices of dairy production, from the social and solidarity economy in the canton of Biblián-Ecuador. Based on a descriptive and cross-sectional research, information was collected in three associative enterprises of milk production located in the mentioned canton, being the informant agents 55 partners of the referred associations, who responded to a structured questionnaire. In light of the results, with the tabulation and analysis of the data, a proposal of good practices is made, with their respective strategies. The CANVAS tool was implemented to generate a business model that promotes the strategies and remedies the weaknesses of the dairy process, seeking continuous improvement and development of the milk producers of Biblián-Ecuador, while promoting social development and solidarity in the cantonal population and the country.   Key words: Good entrepreneurial practices, dairy activity, social and solidarity economy, social development, milk producers.La actividad láctea ha demostrado con su cadena valor y cantidad de empleos que genera su relevancia en la economía ecuatoriana ante las adversidades socioeconómicas que ha experimentado en los últimos tiempos, desde el enfoque social y solidario, para reactivar el desarrollo productivo en el país. En este contexto, el presente artículo tuvo por objetivo general explorar las buenas prácticas de la producción láctea, desde la economía social y solidaria en el cantón Biblián-Ecuador. Basado en una investigación descriptiva y transversal se recolectó la información en tres empresas asociativas de producción de leche ubicadas en el mencionado cantón, siendo los agentes informantes 55 socios de las referidas asociaciones, quienes respondieron a un cuestionario estructurado. A la luz de los resultados, con la tabulación y análisis de los datos se hace una propuesta de buenas prácticas, con sus respectivas estrategias. Se implementó la herramienta CANVAS para generar un modelo de negocio que impulse las estrategias y subsane las debilidades del proceso lácteo, procurando la mejora continua y el desarrollo de los productores de leche de Biblián-Ecuador, al tiempo que promueven el desarrollo social y solidario en la poblacional cantonal y del país.   Palabras clave: Buenas prácticas de emprendimiento, actividad láctea, economía social y solidaria, desarrollo social, productores de leche

Bioinformatics as a Tool for the Structural and Evolutionary Analysis of Proteins

This chapter deals with the topic of bioinformatics, computational, mathematics, and statistics tools applied to biology, essential for the analysis and characterization of biological molecules, in particular proteins, which play an important role in all cellular and evolutionary processes of the organisms. In recent decades, with the next generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, it has facilitated the collection and analysis of a large amount of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data from different organisms that have allowed predictions on the regulation of expression, transcription, translation, structure, and mechanisms of action of proteins as well as homology, mutations, and evolutionary processes that generate structural and functional changes over time. Although the information in the databases is greater every day, all bioinformatics tools continue to be constantly modified to improve performance that leads to more accurate predictions regarding protein functionality, which is why bioinformatics research remains a great challenge