Schema Theory and Language Comprehension

Comprehending a text is not simply a function of the text itself--the text alone does not carry the meaning to be conveyed (Bennett-Kastor, 1981). The listeners or readers of a text make a significant contribution to the meaning conveyed. A text provides directions for listeners/readers as to how they should retrieve, or construct the intended meaning from their own, previously acquired knowledge. Comprehension is the interactive process between the listener/reader's background knowledge and the text. Recent research in discourse comprehension has shown that background or schematic knowledge plays an essential role in the psychological processes by which listeners or readers comprehend. This paper reviews the most important. work on the role of schemata in language comprehension, including both theoretical and empirical research. The latter includes first language research among fully proficient adult native speakers of English and among children in the process of acquiring English as ·their native language, as well as cross-cultural research and second language research

Standards in semen examination:publishing reproducible and reliable data based on high-quality methodology

Biomedical science is rapidly developing in terms of more transparency, openness and reproducibility of scientific publications. This is even more important for all studies that are based on results from basic semen examination. Recently two concordant documents have been published: the 6th edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, and the International Standard ISO 23162:2021. With these tools, we propose that authors should be instructed to follow these laboratory methods in order to publish studies in peer-reviewed journals, preferable by using a checklist as suggested in an Appendix to this article.Peer reviewe

Interactive approaches to second language reading

xiii, 289 p.; 29 cm