De la portée de la « palatisation » en gbe et ses implications théoriques

Après avoir énuméré les différentes règles de « palatalisation » que l’on rencontre dans les différents parlers gbe sur les plans synchronique et diachronique, la présente étude suggère qu’il faudrait peut-être remplacer le terme « palatalisation » par « sibilantisation » pour refléter la diversité de ses manifestations concrètes. Mais plus que cela, cette étude tire les conséquences logiques de la portée du processus en gbe et les rattache à quelques questions d’universaux. Ainsi les hypothèses suivantes ont-elles été proposées : (i) que le processus ne se produit pas si la position générale de la langue n’est pas convexe; (ii) qu’il ne se produirait pas avec les autres voyelles s’il ne faisant de même avec les voyelles d’avant fermées; (iii) qu’il n’affecterait pas les fricatives sans affecter aussi les occlusives; et (iv) qu’il n’affecterait pas les consonnes antérieures sans les consonnes postérieures (du moins par le passé). Dans tous les cas, le processus passé en revue, loin d’être simple, est en fait non seulement complexe, mais encore multiple.After enumerating various "palatalisation" rules as they apply to various Gbe dialects synchronically and diachronically, the present paper suggests that perhaps the term "palatalisation" should be replaced with "sibilantisation" to cover the actual range of its manifestations. More importantly this study draws the logical consequences of the scope of the process in Gbe and relates them to some issues of universals. Thus the following hypotheses are put forwards: (i) that the process may not occur if the tongue body does not assume a convex position; (ii) that it may not take place with other vowels if it does not do same with the front close vowels; (iii) that it may not affect fricatives unless it also affects stops; and (iv) that it may not affect the anterior consonants without affecting the back ones (at least in the past). No doubt, the process reviewed, far from being a simple one, is in fact not only complex but also multiple

Synthesis of calculational methods for design and analysis of radiation shields for nuclear rocket systems

Eight computer programs make up a nine volume synthesis containing two design methods for nuclear rocket radiation shields. The first design method is appropriate for parametric and preliminary studies, while the second accomplishes the verification of a final nuclear rocket reactor design

Ligand-Receptor Interactions

The formation and dissociation of specific noncovalent interactions between a variety of macromolecules play a crucial role in the function of biological systems. During the last few years, three main lines of research led to a dramatic improvement of our understanding of these important phenomena. First, combination of genetic engineering and X ray cristallography made available a simultaneous knowledg of the precise structure and affinity of series or related ligand-receptor systems differing by a few well-defined atoms. Second, improvement of computer power and simulation techniques allowed extended exploration of the interaction of realistic macromolecules. Third, simultaneous development of a variety of techniques based on atomic force microscopy, hydrodynamic flow, biomembrane probes, optical tweezers, magnetic fields or flexible transducers yielded direct experimental information of the behavior of single ligand receptor bonds. At the same time, investigation of well defined cellular models raised the interest of biologists to the kinetic and mechanical properties of cell membrane receptors. The aim of this review is to give a description of these advances that benefitted from a largely multidisciplinar approach

Los arcontes del archivo

The author of the article focuses on the notion of “File of evil. A Freudian impression”. This is the title of Jacques Derrida’s book, thinker and philosopher, influenced by psychoanalysis, and Freud’s Works. In them, he highlights the letter to his friend Fliess, dated December 6, 1896, where Freud describes his writing, settling in a stratification, which Derrida assimilates to an archaeological excavation. In them, verbal layers, signs of perception, works of memory enduring of verbalizing and the inclusion of an unprecedented, unconscious logic, where the circumcision, with the sense of castration stands out. Another point is the destructive motions of archive. Hence the name of file of evil. These motions are conjugated with the repression, denial, death drives, aggression and even the destruction of the file. Derrida’s book is divided in chapters: EXERGO PREAMBULO, PROLOGUE, THESIS and POST SCRIPTUM. The file should also be considered as a place of belonging, but also of mandate, duty and belonging. It matters more what comes from the future than from the past. Derrida creates the notion of spectrum, related to that of ghost. Ultimatelythe ARKHÉ appears, (origin, first), the archons, guardians of the ark, temple or institution and a spectral messianism emerge, related to the unconscious.El autor del artículo enfoca la noción de «Mal de archivo. Una impresión freudiana». Este es el título del libro de Jacques Derrida, pensador y filósofo, influido por el psicoanálisis, a través de los trabajos freudianos. En ellos, destaca el papel relevante de la carta fechada el 6 de diciembre de 1896, dirigida por Freud a su amigo Wilhelm Fliess, carta donde Derrida asimila su escritura a una excavación arqueológica, hecha de signos de percepción, escrituras de la memoria, y la inclusión de una nueva lógica, hecha de contenidos inconscientes, y donde la circuncisión, ampliada como castración, se constituye como eje estructural. Otro punto a destacar es la moción de destrucción, agresividad y muerte, que rige en el archivo. Mal de archivo. Estas mociones se conjugan con la represión, denegación, supresión, pulsión de muerte, agresión y aún la destrucción del archivo. El libro de Derrida se divide en capítulos: Exergo, prolegómeno, prólogo, tesis y post-scriptum. El archivo es un lugar de albergue, de consignación, pero también de mandato, y de pertenencia institucional. Con él se plantea la invención de que el archivo se abra más al porvenir, que no al pasado. Derrida crea la noción de espectro, estrechamente vinculada al fantasma freudiano. Finalmente, el Arké, (origen, lo primero), y de allí, la presencia de los arcontes, que son los guardianes del archivo y sus intérpretes. Ellos mandan, guardianes del arca, templo o institución, y un espectral mesianismo emerge vinculado al inconsciente

Coxiella burnetii Phagocytosis Is Regulated by GTPases of the Rho Family and the RhoA Effectors mDia1 and ROCK

The GTPases belonging to the Rho family control the actin cytoskeleton rearrangements needed for particle internalization during phagocytosis. ROCK and mDia1 are downstream effectors of RhoA, a GTPase involved in that process. Coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of Q fever, is internalized by the host´s cells in an actin-dependent manner. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism involved in this process has been poorly characterized. This work analyzes the role of different GTPases of the Rho family and some downstream effectors in the internalization of C. burnetii by phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. The internalization of C. burnetii into HeLa and RAW cells was significantly inhibited when the cells were treated with Clostridium difficile Toxin B which irreversibly inactivates members of the Rho family. In addition, the internalization was reduced in HeLa cells that overexpressed the dominant negative mutants of RhoA, Rac1 or Cdc42 or that were knocked down for the Rho GTPases. The pharmacological inhibition or the knocking down of ROCK diminished bacterium internalization. Moreover, C. burnetii was less efficiently internalized in HeLa cells overexpressing mDia1-N1, a dominant negative mutant of mDia1, while the overexpression of the constitutively active mutant mDia1-ΔN3 increased bacteria uptake. Interestingly, when HeLa and RAW cells were infected, RhoA, Rac1 and mDia1 were recruited to membrane cell fractions. Our results suggest that the GTPases of the Rho family play an important role in C. burnetii phagocytosis in both HeLa and RAW cells. Additionally, we present evidence that ROCK and mDia1, which are downstream effectors of RhoA, are involved in that processFil: Salinas Ojeda, Romina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Flores, Rodolfo Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Distel, Jesús Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Aguilera, Milton Osmar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Colombo, Maria Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Beron, Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; Argentin

Etude de l’impact de la dynamique de l’occupation du sol sur les ressources naturelles dans le sous-bassin de l’Okpara à Nano au Nord Bénin

Au Bénin, les pratiques agricoles actuelles caractérisées par l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, continuent de soumettre l’environnement à une pression anthropique importante. L’objectif de la recherche est d’apporter une contribution à la gestion des ressources naturelles et de l’occupation du sol dans le sous-Bassin versant de l’Okpara Nano. L’approche méthodologique adoptée a consisté à une description, et à une étude analytique des facteurs de la dynamique de l’occupation du sol et leurs implications sur la gestion des ressources naturelles du sous-Bassin. L’analyse des résultats a été faite à l’aide du modèle PEIR « Pression-Etat-Impact-Réponse ». Les résultats obtenus ont révélé qu’en une vingtaine d’années (1992-2012), la population des communes du sous-Bassin de Nano ont connu une augmentation de 74,48 %, passant ainsi de 155 164 habitants en 1992 à 608 015 habitants en 2012. Cette situation a conduit à une extension des espaces bâtis au sein du sous-Bassin avec un taux d’accroissement de l’ordre de 3,9 %. Aussi, a-t-il été constaté une évolution des unités d’occupation du sol entre les années 1985 et 2014 dans le sous-Bassin versant de Nano, une nette régression des unités de végétation naturelle ou artificielle, excepté les mosaïques de cultures qui sont en augmentation. In Benin, current agricultural practices characterized by shifting slash-and-burn agriculture continue to subject the environment to significant human pressure. The objective of the research is to make a contribution to the management of natural resources and land use in the Okpara Nano sub-watershed. The methodological approach adopted consisted of a description and an analytical study of the factors of land use dynamics and their implications on the management of the natural resources of the sub-basin. The results were analyzed using the PEIR "Pressure-State-Impact-Response" model. The results obtained revealed that in about twenty years (1992-2012), the population of the municipalities of the Nano sub-basin experienced an increase of 74.48%, from 155,164 inhabitants in 1992 to 608,015 inhabitants in 2012. This situation has led to an extension of built-up areas within the sub-basin with an increase rate of around 3.9%. Also, it was noted an evolution of the units of land use between the years 1985 and 2014 in the sub-basin of Nano, a clear regression of the units of natural or artificial vegetation, except the mosaics of cultures which are increasing

Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere and Fazio Londe syndrome is associated with a riboflavin transporter defect mimicking mild MADD: a new inborn error of metabolism with potential treatment

We report on three patients (two siblings and one unrelated) presenting in infancy with progressive muscle weakness and paralysis of the diaphragm. Metabolic studies revealed a profile of plasma acylcarnitines and urine organic acids suggestive of a mild form of the multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation defect (MADD, ethylmalonic/adipic acid syndrome). Subsequently, a profound flavin deficiency in spite of a normal dietary riboflavin intake was established in the plasma of all three children, suggesting a riboflavin transporter defect. Genetic analysis of these patients demonstrated mutations in the C20orf54 gene which encodes the human homolog of a rat riboflavin transporter. This gene was recently implicated in the Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, a rare neurological disorder which may either present in infancy with neurological deterioration with hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency and early death, or later in life with deafness and progressive ponto-bulbar palsy. Supplementation of riboflavin rapidly improved the clinical symptoms as well as the biochemical abnormalities in our patients, demonstrating that high dose riboflavin is a potential treatment for the Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome as well as for the Fazio Londe syndrome which is considered to be the same disease entity without the deafnes

Limited congruence exhibited across microbial, meiofaunal and macrofaunal benthic assemblages in a heterogeneous coastal environment

One of the most common approaches for investigating the ecology of spatially complex environments is to examine a single biotic assemblage present, such as macroinvertebrates. Underlying this approach are assumptions that sampled and unsampled taxa respond similarly to environmental gradients and exhibit congruence across different sites. These assumptions were tested for five benthic groups of various sizes (archaea, bacteria, microbial eukaryotes/protists, meiofauna and macrofauna) in Plymouth Sound, a harbour with many different pollution sources. Sediments varied in granulometry, hydrocarbon and trace metal concentrations. Following variable reduction, canonical correspondence analysis did not identify any associations between sediment characteristics and assemblage composition of archaea or macrofauna. In contrast, variation in bacteria was associated with granulometry, trace metal variations and bioturbation (e.g. community bioturbation potential). Protists varied with granulometry, hydrocarbon and trace metal predictors. Meiofaunal variation was associated with hydrocarbon and bioturbation predictors. Taxon turnover between sites varied with only three out of 10 group pairs showing congruence (meiofauna-protists, meiofauna-macrofauna and protists-macrofauna). While our results support using eukaryotic taxa as proxies for others, the lack of congruence suggests caution should be applied to inferring wider indicator or functional interpretations from studies of a single biotic assemblage

Use of Contraceptive Methods Among Women in the General Population and Female Gynecologists in Spain: the ELEGIAN Survey.

Background: The contraceptive preferences of obstetricians and gynecologists (OB/GYNs) are thought to influence the contraceptive counseling they provide. The purpose of this study was to assess contraceptive preferences of OB/GYNs and women in the general population (WGP) in the current Spanish contraceptive scenario. Materials and Methods: Anonymous online survey of 100 OB/GYNs and 1,217 WGP aged 23–49 years. Results: WGP were younger (35.3 ± 7.3 vs. 37.9 ± 6.2 years, respectively) and less likely to have stable partners (64.7% vs. 84.0%) and children (49.1% vs. 62.0%) (all p  0.05). Intrauterine devices (IUDs) were more frequently used by OB/GYNs (20% vs. 5%; p < 0.05), especially the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (LNG-IUDs) (18% vs. 2.6%; p < 0.05). The highest-rated methods were condoms among WGP and LNG-IUDs among OB/GYNs. Effectiveness was the most valued attribute of contraceptive methods for both. Reasons related to convenience were the main reason for choosing IUDs. OB/GYNs prescribed the contraceptive method in 40% of cases. Conclusions: Our study reveals differences between female OB/GYNs and WGP in contraceptive methods use and rating. The use of LNG-IUDs was much higher among OB/GYNs.post-print811 K