A propósito del libro magistral de alexander sobre cirugía pulmonar ""the collapse therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis"

Son muchos los libros y publicaciones que sobre el tratamiento quirúrgico de la tuberculosis pulmonar se han escrito ya, pero son muy pocos los que pueden compararse con el que vio la luz en Yanquilandia en 1937 con el título de "The collapse therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis" de John Alexander, en colaboración con Max Pinner, Blair Marnwell y Kirgy Smith, tres grandes lumbreras de la fisiología mundial. No podía ser de otra manera ya que Alexander entre otros muchos títulos y méritos, es profesor de cirugía en la Universidad de Michigan, Jefe cirujano del sanatorio de ese estado, cirujano consultor de varios sanatorios, médico encargado de la sección de cirugía torácica del hospital de Michigan, etc., etc. y quien ha enriquecido la cirugía con métodos personales, mejoramientos en las técnicas operatorias y contribuído grandemente con sus conocimientos y experiencia al progreso de este arte. Además del hombre y de sus capacidades, su campo de experimentación es vastísimo, ya que los Estados Unidos gozan de un equipo sanatorial envidiable, con todo el instrumental y medios de que no dispone ningún otro país. Basta decir que en estos establecimientos hay hospitalizados hoy más de cien mil tuberculosos. Antes de hablar algo de este maravilloso libro tal vez no sería mutil, para ser más completo, decir brevemente lo que ha sido y es la lucha antituberculosa en el mundo y las armas de que se dispone actualmente para combatir este flagelo

A review: Macrophytes in the assessment of Spanish lakes ecological status under the Water Framework Directive (WFD)

Basándose en que los procesos de biomonitorización aportan información muy valiosa sobre los impactos en organismos y consecuentemente en el estado ecológico de los ecosistemas, la Directiva Marco del Agua (WFD; Unión Europea, 2000) incorpora el uso de indicadores biológicos y métricos para la evaluación del estado ecológico de las masas de agua. Uno de los elementos biológicos definidos en la Directiva es “Otra flora acuática” incluyendo macrófitos y fitobentos; la composición y abundancia de macrófitos debe ser estimada y evaluada en los lagos definidos como masas de agua dentro de la WFD. Los macrófitos tienen muchas de las características destacadas para ser un buen bioindicador; responden a fluctuaciones naturales de los regímenes hidrológicos, situación muy habitual en países mediterráneos, y además, podrían detectar cambios atribuibles a presiones e impactos antropogénicos. Existen dos tipos principales de evaluación basados en el uso de las comunidades de macrófitos; índices de diversidad (englobando diferentes variables) e índices basados en el estado trófico de las aguas. En la práctica, ambos sistemas convergen para la evaluación de estado ecológico en el sistema; sin embargo los índices tróficos no son capaces de desvelar suficiente información sobre otro tipo de perturbaciones, como por ejemplo cambios en el uso del suelo y cambios hidromorfológicos (HM). Los helófitos parecen ser una parte crucial de la evaluación y medición de impactos HM. En este trabajo se realiza una recopilación de información y una evaluación del contexto actual sobre el uso de macrófitos como bioindicadores del estado ecológico de los lagos. Concretamente, los principales objetivos se centran en (1) el estudio de las presiones y (2) requerimientos de los lagos de la Península Ibérica y (3) las metodologías de evaluación más eficaces para su monitorización, ya que actualmente aun no existe ningún protocolo de muestreo oficial a nivel estatal.Biomonitoring provides essential information on the impact of disturbances on living organisms and consequently on ecosystem health. Based on this assumption, the Water Framework Directive (WFD; DOCE, 2000) introduces the concept of biological indicators in the assessment of water bodies’ ecological status. One of the Biological Quality Element defined in the Directive is named as “Other aquatic flora” which includes macrophyte communities and phytobentos; therefore, Composition and abundance of macrophyte should be assessed. Macrophytes fit very well to many of the criteria listed for an “ideal” organism for water biomonitoring. Moreover, in Mediterranean countries, where hydrological regime strongly changes seasonally, macrophytes respond to natural fluctuations of the water level, but also detect abnormal variations that are caused by anthropogenic impacts and pressures. There are two main types of assessment based on macrophyte communities: diversity indices (involves different variables) and trophic indices. In practice, both approaches converge and work properly together to assess eutrophication conditions in the system. However, trophic indices are not able to reveal enough information to assess other kind of stressors such land use and hydromorphological pressures. Helophytes seem to be a key part of HM impacts assessment by measuring the helophyte parameters and changes in their composition and abundance. The work was aimed to the compilation and evaluation of the context in the use of macrophytes as bioindicator of lakes ecological status. The main objectives are the study of the disturbances and requirements of Spanish lakes and the suitability of ecological assessment methods for the monitoring of the ecological status, since, at the present, there is not an official national macrophyte sampling protocol.Departamento de biológica ambiental. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC

Inducing Non-Orthogonal and Non-Linear Decision Boundaries in Decision Trees via Interactive Basis Functions

© 2019. This document is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the submitted version of a published work that appeared in final form in Expert Systems with ApplicationsWe use a local projection approach to analyze the effect of economic recessions on income inequality in a comprehensive sample of 43 countries from 1960 to 2016. Although we consider both business-cycle and growth-cycle recessions, we fail to find evidence of significant positive impacts of economic downturns on income distribution, once controls are added to the model. However, we do find important differences across countries, which mainly depend on the degree of economic development

Pensar en todxs: generación de cultura, patrimonio y museos inclusivos

1 archivo PDF (Tipo: Presentación) : principalmente ilustraciones en color ; 37 diapositivas. SUIQUINDECIMCuando abordamos cualquier iniciativa relacionada con el patrimonio cultural desde la óptica de la inclusión, automáticamente tendemos a pensar en conceptos relacionados con la accesibilidad de nuestra propuesta para personas que presentan alguna discapacidad física y así diseñamos teatros con espacios para sillas de ruedas, museos con baños adaptados y situamos rampas en los monumentos para un acceso más sencillo. No obstante, aunque son medidas muy positivas, éste es un punto de vista sesgado ya que la inclusión es mucho más. En la ponencia se analizarán una serie de propuestas en la búsqueda de la inclusión plena llevadas a cabo por varias instituciones que velan por el patrimonio histórico cultural, que gestionan museos u otros equipamientos culturales de los centros urbanos

Direct and indirect generation of waste in the Spanish paper industry

The paper industry has a relatively high degree of reliance on suppliers when compared to other industries. Exploring the role of the paper industry in terms of consumption of intermediate inputs from other industries may help to understand how the production of paper does not only generate waste by itself but also affects the amount of waste generated by other industries. The product Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a useful analytical tool to examine and assess environmental impacts over the entire life cycle of a product ‘‘from cradle to grave’’ but it is costly and time intensive. In contrast, Economic Input Output Life Cycle Assessment Models (IO-LCA) that combine LCA with Input–Output analysis (IO) are more accurate and less expensive, as they employ publicly available data. This paper represents one of the first Spanish studies aimed at estimating the waste generated in the production of paper by applying IO-LCA. One of the major benefits is the derivation of the contribution of direct and indirect suppliers to the paper industry. The results obtained show that there was no direct relationship between the impact on output and the impact on waste generation exerted by the paper industry. The major contributors to waste generation were the mining industry and the forestry industr

An estimation of the evolution of waste generated by direct and indirect suppliers of the Spanish paper industry

The generation of waste by the paper industry has attracted great attention over the last decades among other reasons because the demand for recycled waste paper has considerably increased. As the paper industry is closely intertwined to the rest of industries in the production system, its activity exerts both a direct and indirect influence on the volume of waste generated by its supplier industries. The purpose of this study is to shed some light on the evolution of the volume of waste generated by the suppliers of the Spanish paper industry over the period 2005–2010 using an Economic Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment Model. In particular we focus on the evolution of the volume of waste generated by firms of the own paper industry. We employ data from different waste surveys conducted by the Spanish National Statistics Institute and input–output tables extracted from the World Input–Output Database. The results obtained show that the waste generated by suppliers amounted to 1250 thousand tonnes in 2010, an important volume if we take into account that the waste generated by the paper industry in 2010 amounted to 1739 thousand tonnes. The analysis of the evolution of the waste generated by suppliers reveals that there is a high degree of concentration, both in terms of industries and in terms of waste categories. In addition, the decrease in the volume of waste generated by supplier firms within the own paper industry reflects not only the growing importance of recycled paper as raw material for paper-making but also the important investments in technology made by this industry in Spain

Deep Learning-Based Fault Detection and Isolation in Solar Plants for Highly Dynamic Days

ICCAD'22: 2022- 6th International Conference on Control, Automation and Diagnosis, Lisbon, Portugal, July 13-15, 2022Solar plants are exposed to numerous agents that degrade and damage their components. Due to their large size and constant operation, it is not easy to access them constantly to analyze possible failures on-site. It is, therefore, necessary to use techniques that automatically detect faults. In addition, it is crucial to detect the fault and know its location to deal with it as quickly and effectively as possible. This work applies a fault detection and isolation method to parabolic trough collector plants. A characteristic of solar plants is that they are highly dependent on the sun and the existence of clouds throughout the day, so it is not easy to achieve methods that work well when disturbances are too variable and difficult to predict. This work proposes dynamic artificial neural networks (ANNs) that take into account past information and are not so sensitive to the variations of the plant at each moment. With this, three types of failures are distinguished: failures in the optical efficiency of the mirrors, flow rate, and thermal losses in the pipes. Different ANNs have been proposed and compared with a simple feedforward ANN, obtaining an accuracy of 73.35%.European Research Council 10.13039/50110000078

Gendered patterns in torture practices committed by the Mexican Armed Forces (2011-2019)

This work analyzes the different experiences of victims of torture by the Mexican Army to observe the relationship between the methods employed and gender. The results reveal that the torture practices used differ by gender. While the methods of immobilization, asphyxia, electrification and mutilation were mainly used against men, women were more likely to suffer nudity, bruises on the genitals, harassment and rape. Furthermore, women disproportionately suffered violence compared to men.Este trabajo analiza las diferentes experiencias de víctimas de tortura por parte del Ejército de México para observar la relación entre métodos empleados y género. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias por género respecto a las prácticas de tortura utilizadas. Mientras que los métodos de inmovilización, asfixia, electrificación y mutilación se ejercieron mayoritariamente en hombres, las mujeres sufrieron desnudez, contusiones en los genitales, acoso y violación sexual. Además, padecieron violencia de forma desproporcionada respecto a los hombres

A deep learning-based strategy for fault detection and isolation in parabolic-trough collectors

Solar plants are exposed to the appearance of faults in some of their components, as they are vulnerable to the action of external agents (wind, rain, dust, birds …) and internal defects. However, it is necessary to ensure a satisfactory operation when these factors affect the plant. Fault detection and diagnosis methods are essential to detecting and locating the faults, maintaining efficiency and safety in the plant. This work proposes a methodology for detecting and isolating faults in parabolic-trough plants. It is based on a three-layer methodology composed of a neural network to obtain a preliminary detection and classification between three types of fault, a second stage analyzing the flow rate dynamics, and a third stage defocusing the first collector to analyze thermal losses. The methodology has been applied by simulation to a model of the ACUREX plant, which was located at the Plataforma Solar de Almería. The confusion matrices have been obtained, with accuracies over 80% when using the three layers in a hierarchical structure. By forcing all the three layers, the accuracies exceed 90%.Unión Europea - Horizonte 2020 No 789 05

La atención a las personas en situación de dependencia como yacimiento de empleo en tiempos de crisis: el caso español

Ageing of European and Spanish populations in recent decades reflects natural demographic evolution triggered by even greater longevity of senior citizens, and falling birth and fertility rates. Such evolution warrants greater social protection for dependent people, including not only people with disabilities but also elderly citizens whose dependency makes them vulnerable. Spain’s expanding social safety network has identified several economic activities to provide care for dependent people who for various reasons require specific types of attention. Such activities require a growing supply of services to fulfill likewise expanding social demand to meet related specific needs. But they have also, and contrary to many other activities, created jobs despite the present financial and economic crisis marked by job destruction. Against this backdrop, our paper shows care giving for dependents can create jobs even under conditions of a deep crisis that is having serious consequences in the labour market.En las últimas décadas se ha producido un envejecimiento de la población europea y española como consecuencia del movimiento natural de la población. Esta situación justifica una mayor protección social para las personas en situación de dependencia, entre las que se incluyen aquéllas que presentan discapacidad y a las personas mayores por su vulnerabilidad ante situaciones de dependencia. Por ello, en España se han desarrollado servicios vinculados a la atención de estas personas, ya que precisan de cuidados específicos. Estas actividades no sólo cubren esta demanda social creciente, sino que además, han generado empleo en un contexto de crisis, marcado por la destrucción del empleo. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar la capacidad de generación de empleo por parte de los servicios relacionados con la atención a las personas en situación de dependencia, en un escenario marcado por una profunda crisis con graves consecuencias en el mercado laboral