Analyse des régions LTR du génome d'un VIH-1 recombinant inter-groupes M et O : étude de l'émergence des points de cassure et caractérisation des différentes populations

International audienc

Outcomes of a radiation sparing approach in medulloblastoma by subgroup in young children: an institutional review.

OBJECTIVE To describe disease outcomes including overall survival and relapse patterns by subgroup in young pediatric patients treated for medulloblastoma with a radiation-sparing approach. METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes includes treatment, relapse, and salvage therapy and late effects in children treated for medulloblastoma with a radiation-sparing approach at British Columbia Children's Hospital (BCCH) between 2000 and 2020. RESULTS There were 30 patients (median age 2.8 years, 60% male) treated for medulloblastoma with a radiation-sparing approach at BCCH. Subgroups included Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) (n = 14), group 3 (n = 7), group 4 (n = 6), and indeterminate status (n = 3). Three- and 5-year event-free survival (EFS) were 49.0% (30.2-65.4%) and 42.0% (24.2-58.9%) and overall survival (OS) 66.0% (95% CI 46.0-80.1%) and 62.5% (95% CI 42.5 and 77.2%), respectively, with a median follow-up of 9.5 years. Relapse occurred in 12/25 patients following a complete response, of whom six (group 4: n = 4; group 3: n = 1; unknown: n = 1) were successfully salvaged with craniospinal axis (CSA) RT and remain alive at a median follow-up of 7 years. Disease/treatment-related morbidity included endocrinopathies (n = 8), hearing loss n = 16), and neurocognitive abnormalities (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS This radiation sparing treatment approach for young patients with medulloblastoma resulted in a durable cure in most patients with SHH subgroup medulloblastoma. In those patients with groups 3 and 4 medulloblastoma, relapse rates were high; however, most group 4 patients were salvaged with RT

xclim: xarray-based climate data analytics

xclim is a Python library that enables computation of climate indicators over large, hetero- geneous data sets. It is built using xarray objects and operations, can seamlessly benefit from the parallelization handling provided by dask, and relies on community conventions for data formatting and metadata attributes. xclim is meant as a tool to facilitate both climate science research and the delivery of operational climate services and products. In addition to climate indicator calculations, xclim also includes utilities for bias correction and statistical adjustment, ensemble analytics, model diagnostics, data quality assurance, and metadata standards compliance

Particulate matter exposure during pregnancy is associated with birth weight, but not gestational age, 1962-1992: a cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Exposure to air pollutants is suggested to adversely affect fetal growth, but the evidence remains inconsistent in relation to specific outcomes and exposure windows.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using birth records from the two major maternity hospitals in Newcastle upon Tyne in northern England between 1961 and 1992, we constructed a database of all births to mothers resident within the city. Weekly black smoke exposure levels from routine data recorded at 20 air pollution monitoring stations were obtained and individual exposures were estimated via a two-stage modeling strategy, incorporating temporally and spatially varying covariates. Regression analyses, including 88,679 births, assessed potential associations between exposure to black smoke and birth weight, gestational age and birth weight standardized for gestational age and sex.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Significant associations were seen between black smoke and both standardized and unstandardized birth weight, but not for gestational age when adjusted for potential confounders. Not all associations were linear. For an increase in whole pregnancy black smoke exposure, from the 1^st(7.4 μg/m³) to the 25^th(17.2 μg/m³), 50^th(33.8 μg/m³), 75^th(108.3 μg/m³), and 90^th(180.8 μg/m³) percentiles, the adjusted estimated decreases in birth weight were 33 g (SE 1.05), 62 g (1.63), 98 g (2.26) and 109 g (2.44) respectively. A significant interaction was observed between socio-economic deprivation and black smoke on both standardized and unstandardized birth weight with increasing effects of black smoke in reducing birth weight seen with increasing socio-economic disadvantage.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The findings of this study progress the hypothesis that the association between black smoke and birth weight may be mediated through intrauterine growth restriction. The associations between black smoke and birth weight were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for passive smoking. These findings add to the growing evidence of the harmful effects of air pollution on birth outcomes.</p

International genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new primary biliary cirrhosis risk loci and targetable pathogenic pathways.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a classical autoimmune liver disease for which effective immunomodulatory therapy is lacking. Here we perform meta-analyses of discovery data sets from genome-wide association studies of European subjects (n=2,764 cases and 10,475 controls) followed by validation genotyping in an independent cohort (n=3,716 cases and 4,261 controls). We discover and validate six previously unknown risk loci for PBC (Pcombined<5 × 10(-8)) and used pathway analysis to identify JAK-STAT/IL12/IL27 signalling and cytokine-cytokine pathways, for which relevant therapies exist

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10−8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Dietary protein gastrointestinal digestion : release of bioactive peptides involved in energy homeostasis

Les protéines alimentaires sont plus qu’une simple source d’acides aminés pour notre organisme. Elles interviennent dans l’homéostasie énergétique en modulant notamment la sécrétion d’hormones intestinales, telles que les cholécystokinines (CCK) ou le Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1). L’objectif global de cette thèse a été de comprendre comment la digestion gastro-intestinale (GI) d’une protéine alimentaire pouvait générer des peptides bioactifs impliqués dans la régulation de l’homéostasie énergétique. L’hémoglobine bovine a été choisie comme protéine modèle. Les activités biologiques ciblées ont été la régulation de la sécrétion des hormones CCK et GLP-1 ainsi que l’inhibition de la dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) qui module l’activité du GLP-1. Un modèle statique de digestion GI in vitro a d’abord été mis en place. La caractérisation analytique des digestats d’hémoglobine a été réalisée et a abouti à la création de cartographies peptidiques au sein des différents compartiments du tractus GI. Ensuite, les activités biologiques des digestats ont été étudiées et le digestat intestinal a ensuite été sélectionné pour son potentiel bioactif. Des étapes de fractionnement successives ont permis d’isoler les fractions peptidiques bioactives. L’utilisation de modèles cellulaires a permis d’étudier le passage des peptides contenus dans une fraction au travers de la barrière intestinale et de tester leur potentiel bioactif dans des conditions proches des conditions physiologiques. Enfin, le mode d’action des peptides actifs identifiés a été étudié.Dietary proteins already gave evidence to generate a strong satiety feeling when entering the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by stimulating gut hormone secretion such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1). Moreover, GI digestion of various protein sources has proved to release bioactive peptides which may inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity, an ubiquitous enzyme responsible for inactivating GLP-1. Considering the great potential of dietary proteins, there is a need to understand how GI digestion can generate bioactive peptides involved in energy homeostasis. Bovine haemoglobin was here chosen as a model protein. CCK and GLP-1 secretion enhancing properties as well as DPP-IV inhibition potential of the resultant digests were investigated. The first part of this work dealt with setting up a simulated GI digestion protocol and characterising resultant digests by various analytical tools. Peptide mappings and heat maps were designed to represent each digest. Then, bioactive potentials of the digests were investigated and the final intestinal digest stood up by combining the best DPP-IV inhibitory and CCK and GLP-1 enhancing properties. Successive fractionation steps succeed in isolating a couple of bioactive fractions. The use of an intestinal barrier model aimed at predicting peptide transport of one specific bioactive fraction and its consequences on fraction bioactivity. Lastly, peptide sequences from the most bioactive fractions were characterised and their related ways of action were studied