Análisis funcional de los determinantes genéticos y epigenéticos del contenido de vitamina E en tomate

El objetivo de esta tesis es dilucidar los determinantes genéticos de loscontenidos de vitamina E (VTE) en tomate y su relación con el ambiente. Porun lado, se analizaron los contenidos de VTE en frutos de 146 entradasprovenientes de distintos bancos de germoplasma y de 124 líneasrecombinantes derivadas de un cruzamiento multiparental cultivados enambientes contrastantes. Mediante estudios de asociación para el genomacompleto (GWAS por sus siglas en inglés) y mapeo de QTL, se identificaron 60loci potencialmente involucrados en la determinación de este carácter. Por otrolado, resultados previos del laboratorio indican que la expresión de los genesduplicados VTE3(1) y VTE3(2), cuyos productos son responsables de losúltimos pasos de la biosíntesis de VTE, son capaces de modular laacumulación de VTE en hojas y frutos de tomate. En particular, la expresión deVTE3(1) es regulada epigenéticamente debido a la metilación variable del ADNde la secuencia promotora. Con el objetivo de caracterizar las basesmoleculares de esta regulación, como así también la co-regulacióntranscripcional de ambos parálogos, se generó y caracterizó molecularmenteuna población de 80 líneas recombinantes derivada del cruzamiento de líneasde introgresión portando los alelos silvestres (S. pennellii) y domesticados (S.lycopersicum) de dichos genes. Estos experimentos revelaron que lamodulación transcripcional de VTE3(1) y VTE3(2), mediada en parte por lavariación en los niveles de metilación de sus promotores, es en efecto, unblanco importante para el mejoramiento de este carácter nutricional. Enconjunto, esta tesis pone en evidencia la importancia de explorar tanto lavariación intraespecífica como interespecífica para caracterizar las basesgenéticas de fenotipos metabólicos y la necesidad de incluir la variaciónepigenética como un factor determinante de caracteres de interés agronómicoFil: Burgos, Estanislao. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Estudios de pre-mejoramiento genético en Panicum coloratum var. coloratum: Caracterización usando marcadores moleculares y caracteres agro-morfológicos

Panicum coloratum var. coloratum is a native African perennial C4 grass, introduced to Argentina. It is tolerant of salinity and cold and has good forage production. The scarce genotypic and phenotypic information about this grass limits its breeding in order to satisfy market demands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability in a collection of P. coloratum var. coloratum formed by 8 accessions and grown at EEA INTA Rafaela during the summer of 2011, based on 15 ISSR molecular markers and 17 morphological characters. For all morphological characters, the distribution of variability observed in the collection was high and not homogenous. The characters that showed greater variation were related to forage and seed production. Eight ISSRs, selected according to their reproducibility, showed 127 bands with 100% polymorphism and allowed grouping of populations according to their site of collection. AMOVA study indicated that more than 58% of the molecular variation existed within accessions; this would be consistent with the predominant allogamous form of reproduction. The results showed that the combined use of molecular and morphological markers offer complementary information. The high variability detected in this collection will allow for the initiation of a breeding program to improve important characters like those related to DM yield and seed production.Fil: Burgos, Estanislao. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Thompson, Carolina Soledad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Giordano, Mabel Cristina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Tomas, Maria Andrea. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin

Future and potential spending on health 2015-40 : development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Background The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study, we estimate future gross domestic product (GDP), all-sector government spending, and health spending disaggregated by source, and we compare expected future spending to potential future spending. Methods We extracted GDP, government spending in 184 countries from 1980-2015, and health spend data from 1995-2014. We used a series of ensemble models to estimate future GDP, all-sector government spending, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending through 2040. We used frontier analyses to identify patterns exhibited by the countries that dedicate the most funding to health, and used these frontiers to estimate potential health spending for each low-income or middle-income country. All estimates are inflation and purchasing power adjusted. Findings We estimated that global spending on health will increase from US$9.21 trillion in 2014 to$24.24 trillion (uncertainty interval [UI] 20.47-29.72) in 2040. We expect per capita health spending to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 5.3% (UI 4.1-6.8) per year. This growth is driven by continued growth in GDP, government spending, and government health spending. Lower-middle income countries are expected to grow at 4.2% (3.8-4.9). High-income countries are expected to grow at 2.1% (UI 1.8-2.4) and low-income countries are expected to grow at 1.8% (1.0-2.8). Despite this growth, health spending per capita in low-income countries is expected to remain low, at $154 (UI 133-181) per capita in 2030 and$195 (157-258) per capita in 2040. Increases in national health spending to reach the level of the countries who spend the most on health, relative to their level of economic development, would mean $321 (157-258) per capita was available for health in 2040 in low-income countries. Interpretation Health spending is associated with economic development but past trends and relationships suggest that spending will remain variable, and low in some low-resource settings. Policy change could lead to increased health spending, although for the poorest countries external support might remain essential.Peer reviewe

Future and potential spending on health 2015-40: Development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Background: The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study, we estimate future gross domestic product (GDP), all-sector government spending, and health spending disaggregated by source, and we compare expected future spending to potential future spending. Methods: We extracted GDP, government spending in 184 countries from 1980-2015, and health spend data from 1995-2014. We used a series of ensemble models to estimate future GDP, all-sector government spending, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending through 2040. We used frontier analyses to identify patterns exhibited by the countries that dedicate the most funding to health, and used these frontiers to estimate potential health spending for each low-income or middle-income country. All estimates are inflation and purchasing power adjusted. Findings: We estimated that global spending on health will increase from US$9.21 trillion in 2014 to$24.24 trillion (uncertainty interval [UI] 20.47-29.72) in 2040. We expect per capita health spending to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 5.3% (UI 4.1-6.8) per year. This growth is driven by continued growth in GDP, government spending, and government health spending. Lower-middle income countries are expected to grow at 4.2% (3.8-4.9). High-income countries are expected to grow at 2.1% (UI 1.8-2.4) and low-income countries are expected to grow at 1.8% (1.0-2.8). Despite this growth, health spending per capita in low-income countries is expected to remain low, at $154 (UI 133-181) per capita in 2030 and$195 (157-258) per capita in 2040. Increases in national health spending to reach the level of the countries who spend the most on health, relative to their level of economic development, would mean $321 (157-258) per capita was available for health in 2040 in low-income countries. Interpretation: Health spending is associated with economic development but past trends and relationships suggest that spending will remain variable, and low in some low-resource settings. Policy change could lead to increased health spending, although for the poorest countries external support might remain essential

Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an

Pre-breeding studies in Panicum coloratum var. coloratum: Characterization using agro-morphological traits and molecular markers = Estudios de pre-mejoramiento genético en Panicum coloratum var. coloratum : caracterización usando marcadores moleculares y caracteres agro-morfológicos

Panicum coloratum var. coloratum is a native African perennial C4 grass, introduced to Argentina. It is tolerant of salinity and cold and has good forage production. The scarce genotypic and phenotypic information about this grass limits its breeding in order to satisfy market demands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability in a collection of Panicum coloratum var. coloratum formed by 8 accessions and grown at EEA INTA Rafaela during the summer of 2011, based on 15 ISSR molecular markers and 17 morphological characters. For all morphological characters, the distribution of variability observed in the collection was high and not homogenous. The characters that showed greater variation were related to forage and seed production. Eight ISSRs, selected according to their reproducibility, showed 127 bands with 100% polymorphism and allowed grouping of populations according to their site of collection. AMOVA study indicated that more than 58% of the molecular variation existed within accessions; this would be consistent with the predominant allogamous form of reproduction. The results showed that the combined use of molecular and morphological markers offer complementary information. The high variability detected in this collection will allow for the initiation of a breeding program to improve important characters like those related to DM yield and seed production.Panicum coloratum var. coloratum es una gramínea C4 perenne, originaria de África e introducida en Argentina alrededor de 1990. Se destaca por su buena producción de forraje y tolerancia a la salinidad y frío. La escasa información genotípica y fenotípica de este pasto ha limitado su uso en programas de mejoramiento y su demanda en el mercado. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la variabilidad en una colección de P. coloratum var. coloratum formada por 8 accesiones establecidas en la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela del INTA en Argentina. El trabajo se realizó en la época de verano de 2011, utilizando 15 marcadores moleculares ISSR y 17 marcadores morfológicos. Todos los caracteres morfológicos evaluados presentaron una amplia distribución de la variabilidad, siendo esta no homogénea en la colección. Los caracteres con mayor variación fueron los relacionados con la producción de semilla y de forraje. Ocho ISSRs fueron seleccionados de acuerdo con su grado de reproducibilidad. Estos reprodujeron 127 bandas con 100% de polimorfismo y permitieron agrupar las poblaciones de acuerdo con su sitio de recolección. El análisis AMOVA indicó que más del 58% de la variación se presenta dentro de las accesiones, lo cual sería consecuente con la forma de reproducción alógama predominante en la especie. Estos resultados demuestran que el uso combinado de marcadores moleculares y morfológicos ofrece información complementaria de gran utilidad para evaluar la variabilidad de esta especie. Los resultados del estudio podrían ser utilizados para el comienzo de un programa de mejoramiento de caracteres importantes, entre ellos los relacionados con la producción de materia seca y semilla.Instituto de BiotecnologíaFil: Burgos, Estanislao. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Thompson, Carolina Soledad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Laboratorio de Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Giordano, Mabel Cristina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Mejoramiento Genético de Forrajeras; ArgentinaFil: Tomas, Maria Andrea. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Mejoramiento Genético de Forrajeras; Argentin

Fruit metabolic and transcriptional programs differentiate among Andean tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) accessions

Traditional landraces or “criollo” tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from Andean areas of Argentina, selected for their fruit quality, were analysed in this study. We explored the metabolome and transcriptome of the ripe fruit in nine landrace accessions representing the seven genetic groups and compared them to the mature fruit of the wild progenitor Solanum pimpinellifolium. The content of branched- (isoleucine and valine) and aromatic (phenylalanine and tryptophan) amino acids, citrate and sugars were significantly different in the fruit of several “criollo” tomatoes compared to S. pimpinellifolium. The transcriptomic profile of the ripe fruit showed several genes significantly and highly regulated in all varieties compared to S. pimpinellifolium, like genes encoding histones and mitochondrial proteins. Additionally, network analysis including transcripts and metabolites identified major hubs with the largest number of connections such as constitutive photomorphogenic protein 1 (a RING finger-type ubiquitin E3 ligase), five Zn finger transcription factors, ascorbate peroxidase, acetolactate synthase, and sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase. Co-expression analysis of these genes revealed a potential function in acquiring tomato fruit quality during domestication.EEA La ConsultaFil: D'Angelo, Matilde. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Animal and Food Science Department. Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service; EspañaFil: Zanor, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Burgos, Estanislao. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina.Fil: Asprelli, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; ArgentinaFil: Boggio, Silvana Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Carrari, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina.Fil: Peralta, Iris Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Aridas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Valle, Estela M. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The cytosolic invertase NI6 affects vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, and yield in tomato

Sucrose metabolism is important for most plants, both as the main source of carbon and via signaling mechanisms that have been proposed for this molecule. A cleaving enzyme, invertase (INV) channels sucrose into sink metabolism. Although acid soluble and insoluble invertases have been largely investigated, studies on the role of neutral invertases (A/N-INV) have lagged behind. Here, we identified a tomato A/N-INV encoding gene (NI6) co-localizing with a previously reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) largely affecting primary carbon metabolism in tomato. Of the eight A/N-INV genes identified in the tomato genome, NI6 mRNA is present in all organs, but its expression was higher in sink tissues (mainly roots and fruits). A NI6-GFP fusion protein localized to the cytosol of mesophyll cells. Tomato NI6-silenced plants showed impaired growth phenotype, delayed flowering and a dramatic reduction in fruit set. Global gene expression and metabolite profile analyses of these plants revealed that NI6 is not only essential for sugar metabolism, but also plays a signaling role in stress adaptation. We also identified major hubs, whose expression patterns were greatly affected by NI6 silencing; these hubs were within the signaling cascade that coordinates carbohydrate metabolism with growth and development in tomato.Fil: Coluccio Leskow, Carla. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Conte, Mariana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Del Pozo, Talia. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Bermúdez, Luisa. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Lira, Bruno Silvestre. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Gramegna, Giovanna. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Baroli, Irene Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Burgos, Estanislao. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Zavallo, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Kamenetzky, Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Asís, Ramón. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Mauricio. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Fernie, Alisdair Robert. Institut Max Planck fur Molekulare Physiologie; AlemaniaFil: Rossi, Maria Magdalena. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Osorio, Sonia. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España. Universidad de Málaga; EspañaFil: Carrari, Fernando Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin