Gender inequality in the Serbian labour market

Many positive changes have been implemented in Serbia since the beginning of the transition period, and while these improve the position of women in the labour market the main indicators still show significant gender differences. Women are the majority of the unemployed and there are significant differences between regions and districts, in fields of work, experience, and the length of time taken to find work. An analysis of trends in the labour market over the past decade shows a worsening of the position of women, with a lower participation in economic activity and employment, rising unemployment rates, and an increase in the average time to find work and the proportion of women in traditionally female occupations. Problems of gender inequality demand more attention in order to improve existing legislation and the implementation of economic policies in the labour market which will ensure higher participation of women with lower education, with special emphasis on increasing the motivation of these women to undergo continuing education and training

Serijski napajani planarni antenski nizovi sa poboljšanim karakteristikama

In the present thesis, the original methods for solving problems related to the operation of antenna arrays in a serial configuration, are described. This primarily refers to the problem of sidelobes in directional and scanning antenna arrays, as well as the problem of degradation of the radiation patterns when operating in a wider frequency range. The arrays in this thesis are designed in planar technology. The results were confirmed by experiment. The thesis provides a detailed methodology for working with each solution, starting from a theoretical basis, solving specific problems and practical implementation with measurements and verification. The solution for the control of the frequency scanning rate is given while designing the radiation patterns so that the sidelobes are kept low. The scanning antenna arrays use specially adapted printed dipoles in balanced microstrip technology. In addition to the scanning antenna solution, an antenna array solution is presented that provides a directional radiation pattern that maintains low sidelobes radiation pattern across the entire operating range. This solution uses patch antennas that have been specially developed for use in serial antenna arrays without requiring an increase in the complexity of the entire system

FREQUENCY SCANNING ANTENNA ARRAYS WITH METAMATERIAL BASED PHASED SHIFTERS

This paper presents a simple design of linear series-fed frequency scanning antenna arrays with: (a) identical rectangular dipoles and (b) pentagonal dipoles having different impedances to provide enhanced side lobe suppression. Phase shifters are designed as a metamaterial unit cell consisting of split-ring resonators coupled with the parallel microstrip line. Shifter models variations are described and control of phase is demonstrated. Two antenna arrays are manufactured and measure

Bridging the gap between infrastructure capacity allocation and market-oriented railway: an algorithmic approach

The European Commission initiated the process of liberalization and introducing competition in the European railway sector more than twenty-five years ago. Despite the liberalization of the railway sector, train paths are currently administratively allocated in all EU countries using the train service priority criterion, which may not treat all train operators equally. This is especially evident in those network sections where demand exceeds the available capacity. In these situations, economic theory suggests the implementation of a market-based mechanism for allocation of capacity, such as auctions. However, due to its incompatibilities with priority criteria in the process of the capacity allocation, it is necessary to develop a new procedure to support the implementation of an auction. In this paper, the proposed algorithm fills the technological gap between train timetable design and train operator requests. The new algorithm for decentralized capacity allocation is the result of a multidimensional approach, which encompasses setting new relations between train operators and the infrastructure manager, train timetable drafting and resolving the conflicting request. In addition, the algorithm provides a feasible solution ensuring equal treatment of train operators and efficient allocation, in order to foster the development of the competition in the European rail market. First published online 10 September 201

Ruralni turizam kao pokretač razvoja ruralnih područja i privrede Republike Srbije

Rural tourism supports the linking of the economic, social and environmental development elements, while boosting employment and stepping up rural development This paper aims to assess the importance of rural tourism in terms of the economic and rural development in the Republic of Serbia. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the values referring to the number of registered tourist arrivals and overnight stays per region. According to the research findings, the region of Šumadija and Western Serbia has the largest number of rural households and also records the highest number of tourist arrivals and overnight stays. In developed countries, the tourism industry strongly supports the agricultural sector by creating new jobs and contributing to the overall economic development, however, the situation is quite different in Serbia. Furthermore, considering the EU, where the rural areas cover a large part of the overall territory, it is exactly the rural areas that account for a significant number of overnight stays and accommodation facilities.Publishe

Sustainable integral development of agriculture and tourism in the Republic of Serbia

Sustainable development is one of global imperatives and it involves the harmonization of economic, environmental, and social development goals, with an appropriate institutional support. There are plenty of resources pertaining to the sustainable development of agriculture and tourism, as numerous studies and practical examples worldwide confirm. The paper highlights the example of the Republic of Serbia and can be of use for other countries with similar resource potentials and developmental constraints. Namely, agriculture and tourism in the Republic of Serbia are distinguished by abundant natural and cultural-historical resources, but what mostly lacks are funds for serious investment, as well as a modern and holistic approach to development, so the available resources are insufficiently used. Accordingly, the research aims to point to the necessity of a more creative use of agro-tourism resources, i.e. to the more promising directions of the integral development of agriculture and tourism on sustainable grounds. The paper results highlight the extreme importance of institutional support to agriculture and tourism networking within the concept of sustainable development.Publishe

ENTREPRENEURIAL ELEMENTS IN RURAL TOURISM - FINDINGS FROM PLS-SEM

The aim of this paper is to determine the interrelationship between innovation, proactivity and risk-taking, as a dimension of entrepreneurial orientation and their connection with relational capital, in order to indicate the entrepreneurial behavior that gives the best results for the development of sustainable rural tourism. The research was conducted on the basis of questionnaires collected on the territory of the Republic of Serbia during the year 2022. The data were analyzed using the PLS-SEM method. The results show a positive relationship between proactivity and innovation, between relational capital and innovation, and proactivity and relational capital, while a positive relationship between risktaking and innovation and risk-taking and relational capital was not confirmed. Results provide important elements for making decisions about innovation and competitiveness of rural tourism destinations

Meat quality: Impact of various pre-slaughter conditions

Poor animal welfare is a growing issue of concern all over the world. During pre-slaughter phases, some activities, if poorly performed, lead to stress reactions in animals. Animals responses to a great extent depend on species, breed, sex and age of animal. Food and water deprivation, exposure to unfavourable environmental conditions, improper handling and social mixing are just some indicators of compromised animal well-being. All these detrimental activities lead to the development of carcass and meat quality defects. Among them, important defects are untimely death of animals, body weight loss, carcass damage, and the two major meat quality defects, i.e. pale, soft, exudative (PSE) and dark, firm, dry (DFD) meats. Consumer dissatisfaction results, and with economic and financial losses, producers are placed in a disadvantageous position

Investigation of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and essential oil of the lemon balm leaf, Melissa officinalis L.

Tradicionalno list matičnjaka, Melissae folium, koristi se za ublažavanje blagih simptoma mentalnog stresa i olakšavanje uspavljivanja, kao i u simptomatskoj terapiji blagih gastrointestinalnih poremećaja. Etarsko ulje matičnjaka je veoma cenjeno u prehrambenoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. Cilj rada je bio ispitivanje makroskopskih i mikroskopskih osobina uzoraka lista samoniklog i gajenog matičnjaka sa različitih lokaliteta i komercijalno dostupnih čajeva, kao i ispitivanja sastava njihovih etarskih ulja. Za analizu etarskih ulja (16 uzoraka), dobijenih destilacijom vodenom parom, primenjena je gasna hromatografija (GC‐FID) i gasna hromatografija sa masenom spektrometrijom (GC‐MS). Klaster analizom ispitivane su razlike između etarskih ulja. Makroskopske i mikroskopske odlike svih uzoraka su odgovarale monografiji Melissae folium u Ph. Eur. 7.0, ali je u 2 od 5 komercijalnih uzoraka bio veći sadržaj stranih materija. U svim ispitivanim etarskim uljima glavne komponenate su predstavljali: geranial (15,58‐53,33%), neral (10,73‐36,64 %), kariofilen oksid (0,76‐ 35,57 %), (E)‐kariofilen (tragovi‐16,72 %) i citronelal (0,00‐12,64 %). Sadržaj geraniala i nerala u ispitivanim uzorcima je bio u opsegu vrednosti dobijenih u prethodnim ispitivanjima. Klaster analizom uzorci etarskog ulja su podeljeni na dva klastera. U prvom klasteru su bila etarska ulja sa visokim sadržajem geraniala i nerala (31,87‐53,33% i 19,81‐36,64%): etarska ulja lista i herbe samoniklog i gajenog matičnjaka u različitim fazama razvoja i sa različitih lokaliteta i dva komercijalna uzorka. U drugi klaster su svrstana etarska ulja sa nižim sadržajem geraniala i nerala (15,58‐26,67 % i 10,73‐ 15,48 %) i većim udelom kariofilen‐oksida (17,79‐35,57 %): tri komercijalna uzorka i etarsko ulje herbe. List samoniklog matičnjaka u različitim fazama razvoja, sadrži visok procenat geraniala i nerala u etarskom ulju, ne razlikuje se značajno od gajenih uzoraka i može predstavljati izvor kvalitetne droge.Traditional herbal remedies based on lemon balm leaf, Melissae folium are used for relief of mild symptoms of mental stress, to aid sleep and for symptomatic treatment of mild gastrointestinal complaints. The essential oil of lemon balm is very appreciated in food and cosmetic industry. The aim was to examine the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of lemon balm leaves of cultivated and wild plants from different localities, commercially available tea samples and to determinate the composition of their essential oils. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (16 samples), were analysed by gas chromatography (GC‐FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The differences between essential oils were examined by cluster analysis. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics corresponded to the monograph Melissae folium in Ph. Eur. 7.0, while 2 of 5 commercial samples contained higher content of foreign matter. The main components in investigated essential oils were: geranial (15.58‐53.33 %), neral (10.73‐36.64 %), caryophyllene oxide (0.76‐35.57 %), (E)‐caryophyllene (traces‐16.72 %) and citronellal (0.00‐12.64 %). The content of geranial and neral was in the range of values obtained in previous investigations. Cluster analysis divided samples of essential oils into two clusters. Essential oils with high geranial and neral content (31.87‐53.33 % and 19.81‐36.64 %) were in the first cluster: essential oils of leaf and aerial parts of wild and cultivated lemon balm from different development phases and localities and two commercial samples. The essential oils with lower geranial and neral content (15.58‐26.67 % and 10.73‐15.48 %) and higher caryophyllene oxide (17.79‐35.57 %) were separated to the second cluster: three commercial samples and essential oil of aerial parts.The wild lemon balm leaf in different phases of development contains essential oil with high amounts of geranial and neral. It is not significantly different from cultivated samples and could represent a source of quality herbal substance.VII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem: Zajedno stvaramo budućnost farmacije, Beograd, Srbija, 10-14. oktobar 2018

Effects of various pre-slaughter conditions on pig carcasses and meat quality in a low-input slaughter facility

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gender, slaughter weight, stocking density, lairage time and season on carcass and meat quality parameters in a low-input production system. The study was conducted on 400 slaughter pigs (200 barrows and 200 gilts) with live weight of 115.0 +/- 4.70 kg. Barrows had higher slaughter and carcass weights, fat thickness and lower meatiness. Heavier pigs had higher hot and cold carcass weights, fat thickness, lower meatiness, and higher incidences of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) and dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat. Low stocking density during transportation increased skin lesion score, pH(45) value and the incidence of DFD meat; while high stocking density decreased pH45 value and increased T-45 value and the incidence of PSE meat. Long lairaging reduced slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage and backfat thickness and increased skin lesion score. After overnight lairaging, pH(45) value and the incidence of DFD meat became higher. After short lairaging, the pH45 value was lower, while the incidence of PSE meat increased. Pigs slaughtered in winter had the highest slaughter weight, backfat thickness, pH(45) value and incidence of DFD, and the lowest meatiness. Pigs slaughtered in summer had the lowest slaughter and carcass weights and pH(45) value, and the highest incidence of PSE meat. In conclusion, gender influenced carcass quality, slaughter weight and lairage time, and season affected carcass and meat quality, while stocking density had an impact on meat quality