Els Artròpodes: mètodes i tècniques d'estudi

Explicació pas a pas dels mètodes de treball en entomologia, tant al camp com al laboratoriVídeo subvencionat amb el projecte GAIU (UB) 5/III/T-G/14/GOU

Entomofauna asociada a Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier, 1795) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)

Durante el penodo 1988-1992 se llevó a cabo en el Valle de Arán (Pirineos Orientales), un estudio sobre la entomofauna asociada a la feromona de T. lineatum. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron: confeccionar un inventario entomológico y estudiar la dinámica poblacional de los principales insectos de la fauna asociada capturados. Los resultados obtenidos pueden resumirse como sigue: a) la inmensa mayoria de los insectos capturados fueron Coleoptera, los cuales pueden clasificarse en depredadores y floemófagos-xilófagos-micetófagos-saprófago b) entre los depredadores destacaron T. formicarius, Rhizophagus spp., Rhinosimus spp. y Cryptolestes sp.; c) durante los años de seguimiento, la captura de T. formicarius se mantuvo estable, mientras que la de Rhizophagus spp. disminuyó, y d) ambos depredadores mostraron un vuelo con una curva acumulativa mis retrasada que las del resto de insectos de la fauna asociada.During the period 1988-1992, in Valle de Arán (East Pyrenees), a study on insect associated to T.lineatum pheromone was canied out. The aims of the study were: to draw up an cheklist of species, and to describe the population dynamics of the main associated insects. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: a) the vast majority of the insects captured were Coleoptera, and they can be classified into predators and floemophagousxylophagous-mycetophagous-saprophagous; b) among the predators, T. formicarius, Rhizophagus spp., Rhinosimus spp. and Cryptolestes sp. were abundant; c) throughout the sampling period, capture rates of T. formicarius were stable, whereas those of Rhizophagus spp. were decreasing, and d) both predators showed an accumulative curve of flight that was delayed with respect to other associated insects

Análisis de los nidos de algunos Megachilidae nidificantes en cavidades preestablecidas (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Nests o f seven Megachilidae (Rhodanthidiumsticticum, Anthidiumflorentinum, Heriades truncorum,Hoplitis adunca, Metallinella brevicomis, Megachile apicalis, and Megachile rotundata) nesting in preestablished holes were obtained through placement of trap-nests in the field. Analyses of nests provided data on nest architecture (number of cells per nest, materials used for nest construction), structure of provisions (including types o f pollens collected), structure of cocoons and faeces, and parasites and predators. Ovenvintering stages, number of generations per year, and flying seasons for each Osmia species are also given.Mitjançant la col·locació de niadors-trampa al camp s'han obtingut nius de set espècies Megachilidae (Rhodanthidiumsticticum, Anthidiumflorentinum, Heriudes truncorum,Hoplitis adunca, Metallinella brevicomis, Megachile apicalis, i Megachile rotundata) nidificants en cavitats preestablertes. S'inclou una descripcio dels nius obtinguts, aportant dades sobre la seva estructura (nombre de cebles, materials utilitzats per a la construcció dels envans i el tap), aspecte de les provisions i pol·lens recol·lectats, aspecte dels capolls, aspecte i distribució de les femtes, presencia de paràsits i depredadors, època de vol, nombre de generacions per any, i estadi d'hivernació

Análisis de los nidos de algunas Osmia (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) nidificantes en cavidades preestablecidas

Nests of some cavity-nesting Osmia (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Nests of seven Osmia species (0. cornuta, 0 . rufa, O. tricornis, 0. coerulescens, 0. fulviventris, 0. latreillei, and 0 . submicans) nesting in preestablished holes were obtained through placement of trap-nests in the field. Analyses of nests provided data on nest architecture (number of cells per nest, materials used for nest construction), structure of provisions (including types of pollens collected), structure of cocoons and faeces, and parasites and predators. Over-wintering stages, number of generations per year, and flying seasons for each Osmia species are also given.Mitjançant la col·locació de niadors-trampa al camp s'han obtingut nius de set espècies d'Osmia (0. cornuta, 0. rufa, O. tricornis, 0. coerulescens, 0.fulviventris, 0 . latreillei, i 0 . subrnicans) nidificants en cavitats preestablertes. S'inclou una descripció dels nius obtinguts, i s'aporten dades sobre la seva estructura (nombre de cel·les, materials utilitzats per a la construcció del niu), aspecte de les provisions i tipus de pol·lens recol·lectats, aspecte dels capolls, aspecte i distribució de les femtes, presència de paràsits i depredadors, època de vol, nombre de generacions per any, i estadi d'hivernació

Conformational study of lanthanide(III) complexes of N-(2-salicylaldiminatobenzyl)-1-aza-18-crown-6 by using X-ray and ab initio methods

[Abstract] A structural study of lanthanide complexes with the deprotonated form of the monobracchial lariat ether N-2-salicylaldiminatobenzyl-aza-18-crown-6 (L4) (Ln = La(III)–Tb(III)) is presented. Attempts to isolate complexes of the heaviest members of the lanthanide series were unsuccessful. The X-ray crystal structures of [Pr(L4)(H2O)](ClO4)2 · H2O · C3H8O and [Sm(L4)(H2O)](ClO4)2 · C3H8O show the metal ion being bound to the eight donor atoms of the ligand backbone. Coordination number nine is completed by the oxygen atom of an inner-sphere water molecule. Two different conformations of the crown moiety (labelled as A and B) are observed in the solid state structure of the Pr(III) complex, while for the Sm(III) complex only conformation A is observed. The complexes were also characterized by means of theoretical calculations performed in vacuo at the HF level, by using the 3-21G∗ basis set for the ligand atoms and a 46 + 4fn effective core potential for lanthanides. The optimized geometries of the Pr(III) and Sm(III) complexes show an excellent agreement with the experimental structures obtained from X-ray diffraction studies. The calculated relative energies of the A and B conformations for the different [Ln(L4)(H2O)]2+ complexes (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, Ho or Lu) indicate a progressive stabilization of the A conformation with respect to the B one upon decreasing the ionic radius of the Ln(III) ion. For the [Ln(L4)(H2O)]2+ systems, most of the calculated bond distances between the metal ion and the coordinated donor atoms decrease along the lanthanide series, as usually observed for Ln(III) complexes. However, our ab initio calculations provide geometries in which the Ln–O(5) bond distance [O(5) is an oxygen atom of the crown moiety] increases across the lanthanide series from Sm(III) to Lu(III).Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia; CTQ2006-0787

Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae)

There are still many gall systems associated with larvae of Lepidoptera in which the true gall-inducers have not been identified to species. Reports on misidentification of gall inducers have been recurrent for these galls, particularly in complex gall-systems that may include inquilines, kleptoparasites, and cecidophages, among other feeding guilds such as predators and parasitoid wasps. Here we describe and illustrate the adults, larvae, pupae and galls, based on light and scanning microscopy, of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n., two sympatric cecidosid moths that are associated with Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera (Anacardiaceae) in central Chile. Adults, immatures, and galls of the former did not conform to any known cecidosid genus. Galls of A. parrai are external, spherical, and conspicuous, being known for more than one century. However, their induction has been mistakenly associated with either unidentified Coleoptera (original description) or Oliera argentinana Br糨es (recently), a distinct cecidosid species with distribution restricted to the eastern Andes. Galls of O. saizi had been undetected, as they are inconspicuous. They occur under the bark within swollen stems, and may occur on the same plant, adjacent to those of A. parrai. We also propose a time-calibrated phylogeny using sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear loci, including specimens of the new proposed taxa. Thus in addition to clarifying the taxonomy of the Chilean cecidosid species we also tested their monophyly in comparison to congeneric species and putative specimens of all genera of Neotropical and African cecidosids.Fil: Silva, Gabriela T.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Moreira, Gilson R. P.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Vargas, Héctor A.. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; ChileFil: Gonçalves, Gislene L.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; ChileFil: Mainardi, Marina D.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: San Blas, Diego German. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Davis, Donald. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unido