220 research outputs found
HUNTERS IN THE GARDEN: YUPâIK SUBSISTENCE AND THE AGRICULTURAL MYTHS OF EDEN
Yupâik writers and Yupâik subsistence offer valuable challenges, parallels, and alternative models to mainstream nature writingâs discourse surrounding human relationships to the land, a discourse that carries an inherent agricultural bias. An introduction to western Alaskaâs Nunivak Island provides context for Chapter 1, which demonstrates the fluidity of cultural, geographical, and historical margins through discussion of the works of Yupâik journalist John Active and historian and ethnographer James Clifford. Chapter 2 provides an overview of Yupâik subsistence centered around the community of Bethel, Alaska, then subjects mainstream nature writing, represented mostly by Wendell Berry, to critiques supplied by Canadian anthropologist Hugh Brody, who asserts that âWesternâ discourse carries traces of the myths of Eden and the curses of the book of Genesis. Chapter 3 returns to the geography and stories of Nunivak Island before detailing the contributions that Yupâik writers like Oscar Kawagley and John Active have to offer back to the prevailing discourse, contributions that stress the importance of sharing and kinship and stress the dangers of commodification
Soziale Herkunft, Bildung und Gesundheit: die Bedeutung intergenerationaler BildungsmobilitĂ€t fĂŒr die soziale Ungleichheit von Gesundheitschancen im Jugendalter
Kuntz B. Soziale Herkunft, Bildung und Gesundheit: die Bedeutung intergenerationaler BildungsmobilitĂ€t fĂŒr die soziale Ungleichheit von Gesundheitschancen im Jugendalter. Bielefeld: UniversitĂ€tsbibliothek Bielefeld; 2014.This cumulative doctoral thesis deals with the link between social origin, education and health in adolescence. The dissertation consists of five original articles that were published between 2011 and 2013 in national and international public health journals with peer review. Based on the well-known close relationship between social origin and educational prospects, the impli-cations for the healthy development of adolescents were analysed. This issue is not only rele-vant for public health and health policy, but also for research on education and inequality as well as political debate on fair opportunities. The focus is on the admission to secondary edu-cation which has been identified by educational researchers as a crucial step for subsequent educational career and resultant employment and income opportunities. The dissertation is based on the assumption that the transition from primary to secondary education might also be important for the health prospects of adolescents. In order to prove this hypothesis, health status and health behaviour of adolescents with different educational trajectories were exam-ined considering their social origin. Statistical analyses were based on data of the first German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). The KiGGS baseline study was conducted by the Robert Koch Institute from May 2003 to May 2006 in order to collect comprehensive data about the health situation of children and adoles-cents living in Germany. The results show that adolescentsâ own educational status is highly relevant for their healthy development â independent of their social origin. This applies par-ticularly for key aspects of health behaviour. Furthermore, the thesis illustrates the health im-pact of intergenerational social mobility: upward mobility seems to be accompanied with im-provements in health and better health behaviours whereas downward mobility seems to be occasionally associated with detrimental health effects. The findings indicate that intergenera-tional educational transmission and the low level of social mobility play an important role for the production and reproduction of health inequalities over generations. The present synopsis summarises the results of the five original articles and discusses them critically in the light of the current state of health inequality research.Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang von sozialer Herkunft, Bildung und Gesundheit im Jugendalter. Die Arbeit basiert auf fĂŒnf OriginalbeitrĂ€-gen, die im Zeitraum von 2011 bis 2013 in nationalen und internationalen gesundheitswissen-schaftlichen Fachzeitschriften mit Peer-Review-Verfahren veröffentlicht wurden. Ausgehend von dem vielfach belegten engen Zusammenhang zwischen der sozialen Herkunft und den Bildungschancen wird nach den Konsequenzen fĂŒr die gesundheitliche Entwicklung im Ju-gendalter gefragt. Die Arbeit greift damit ein Thema auf, das nicht nur aus Sicht von Public Health und der Gesundheitspolitik relevant ist, sondern auch Schnittstellen zur Ungleichheits- und Bildungsforschung sowie zu politischen Diskussionen ĂŒber Chancengerechtigkeit auf-weist. Der Blick richtet sich dabei auf den Zugang zu weiterfĂŒhrenden Schulen, der von Bil-dungsforschern als entscheidende Weichenstellung fĂŒr den nachfolgenden Bildungsweg und die daraus resultierenden Erwerbs- und Einkommenschancen angesehen wird. Der Dissertati-on liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass dieser Ăbergang im Bildungssystem auch fĂŒr die ge-sundheitliche Entwicklung von groĂer Bedeutung ist. Um diese Annahme zu prĂŒfen, wird die gesundheitliche Situation von Jugendlichen mit unterschiedlichen Bildungswegen unter Be-rĂŒcksichtigung ihrer sozialen Herkunft betrachtet. Die statistischen Analysen beruhen auf Da-ten der Basiserhebung des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS), mit der das Ro-bert Koch-Institut (RKI) von Mai 2003 bis Mai 2006 umfassende Informationen zur Gesund-heit der in Deutschland lebenden Kinder und Jugendlichen gesammelt hat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dem eigenen Bildungsstatus von Jugendlichen â unabhĂ€ngig von ihrer sozialen Herkunft â eine herausragende Bedeutung fĂŒr ihre gesundheitliche Entwicklung zukommt. Dies gilt vor allem fĂŒr zentrale Aspekte des Gesundheitsverhaltens. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht darĂŒber hinaus die gesundheitliche Relevanz intergenerationaler sozialer MobilitĂ€t: Schaffen Jugendliche aus sozial benachteiligten Familien den Sprung auf ein Gymnasium, drĂŒckt sich dies in deutlich verbesserten Gesundheitschancen aus. Umgekehrt zeichnen sich bei Jugendli-chen aus sozial besser gestellten Familien, die kein Gymnasium besuchen, in einigen Bereichen negative Auswirkungen auf ihre gesundheitliche Entwicklung ab. Die Befunde sprechen dafĂŒr, dass der Mechanismus der Bildungsvererbung und das geringe AusmaĂ an sozialer MobilitĂ€t bei der Produktion und Reproduktion gesundheitlicher Ungleichheiten ĂŒber Genera-tionsgrenzen hinweg eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die vorliegende Synopse fasst die Ergebnis-se der fĂŒnf Einzelpublikationen zusammen, unterzieht die zentralen Befunde einer kritischen Diskussion und ordnet sie in den Stand der gesundheitlichen Ungleichheitsforschung ein
âSmoke on the waterâ â Wasserpfeifenkonsum bei Jugendlichen in Deutschland (Ergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 1)
Wasserpfeifen (Shishas) erfreuen sich auch in Deutschland zunehmender Beliebtheit. WĂ€hrend die allgemeine Rauchquote und damit vor allem das Zigarettenrauchen bei Jugendlichen in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich zurĂŒckgegangen ist, hat sich das Shisha-Rauchen als alternative Form des Tabakkonsums etabliert. Wie die Daten der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS Welle 1, 2009â2012) zeigen, betrĂ€gt die LebenszeitprĂ€valenz des Wasserpfeifenkonsums in der Altersgruppe der 12- bis 17-JĂ€hrigen 28,9 Prozent, die 12-MonatsprĂ€valenz liegt bei 20,9 Prozent. Jeder zehnte Jugendliche hat nach eigenen Angaben innerhalb der letzten 30 Tage vor der Befragung Wasserpfeife geraucht. Insgesamt ist der Konsum von Wasserpfeifen bei Jungen etwas stĂ€rker verbreitet als bei MĂ€dchen, die PrĂ€valenzen steigen bei beiden Geschlechtern mit zunehmendem Alter an. Jungen mit beidseitigem Migrationshintergrund greifen hĂ€uÂżger zur Wasserpfeife als Jungen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Da die Gesundheits- und Suchtgefahren des Shisha-Rauchens von Jugendlichen hĂ€uÂżg unterschĂ€tzt werden, erscheint eine verstĂ€rkte AufklĂ€rungsarbeit im Rahmen der TabakprĂ€vention dringend geboten.In Germany, as in other countries, waterpipe (shisha) tobacco smoking has been increasing in popularity. While in the last 15 years overall smoking prevalence, particularly cigarette smoking, has declined among adolescents, waterpipe smoking has become an emerging type of tobacco use. According to the results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 1, 2009â2012), lifetime prevalence of waterpipe use among 12- to 17-year-olds was 28.9 per cent. Approx imately one-Âżfth (20.6 %) of the adolescents reported waterpipe use in the past 12 months, onetenth (10.0 %) reported current use (at least once during the past 30 days). In both sexes, prevalence increased with age. Waterpipe smoking rates were signiÂżcantly higher among boys than girls. Among boys with a two-sided migration background (both parents, or the child and one parent, immigrated to Germany) waterpipe use was more common compared to non-immigrants. Due to waterpipe related health and addiction risks that are often underestimated by adolescents, speciÂżc health education and prevention measures are necessary
A Mushroom-shaped Structure from the Impact of a Cloud with the Galactic Disk
We propose that the mushroom-shaped structure of the Galactic worm GW
123.4--1.5 is created by a cloud collision with the Galactic gas disk. A
hydrodynamic simulation shows that a mushroom-shaped structure is created after
the cloud crosses the Galactic midplane. The lifetime of the mushroom-shaped
structure is of order the dynamical time scale of the disk, \sim 10^7 years. We
find that the velocities across the cap of the mushroom-shaped structure in the
simulation are consistent with the observed values. The simulation also
predicts a structure on the opposite side of the Galactic plane which is
created by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability after the cloud passes through the
disk.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in A&A, color figures
and movies at http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~kudoh/mushroom
A Deep XMM-Newton Survey of M33: Point Source Catalog, Source Detection and Characterization of Overlapping Fields
We have obtained a deep 8-field XMM-Newton mosaic of M33 covering the galaxy
out to the D isophote and beyond to a limiting 0.2--4.5 keV unabsorbed
flux of 510 erg cm s (L410
erg s at the distance of M33). These data allow complete coverage of the
galaxy with high sensitivity to soft sources such as diffuse hot gas and
supernova remnants. Here we describe the methods we used to identify and
characterize 1296 point sources in the 8 fields. We compare our resulting
source catalog to the literature, note variable sources, construct hardness
ratios, classify soft sources, analyze the source density profile, and measure
the X-ray luminosity function. As a result of the large effective area of
XMM-Newton below 1 keV, the survey contains many new soft X-ray sources. The
radial source density profile and X-ray luminosity function for the sources
suggests that only 15% of the 391 bright sources with
L3.610 erg s are likely to be associated with M33,
and more than a third of these are known supernova remnants. The log(N)--log(S)
distribution, when corrected for background contamination, is a relatively flat
power-law with a differential index of 1.5, which suggests many of the other
M33 sources may be high-mass X-ray binaries. Finally, we note the discovery of
an interesting new transient X-ray source, which we are unable to classify.Comment: 26 pages, 6 tables, 13 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit im höheren Lebensalter
Soziale Unterschiede in der Gesundheit und Lebenserwartung stellen ein zentrales Thema von Public Health und Gesundheitspolitik dar. Die bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass auch nach dem Alter von 65 Jahren soziale Unterschiede in der Gesundheit und der ferneren Lebenserwartung bestehen. Die vorliegende Ausgabe der Reihe GBE kompakt widmet sich der Frage, ob in Bezug auf die gesundheitliche Situation von Ă€lteren Menschen soziale Unterschiede bestehen und wie stark diese ausgeprĂ€gt sind. Dazu wird zunĂ€chst der internationale Forschungsstand zur gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit im höheren Lebensalter zusammengefasst, um dann die Ergebnisse der bislang in Deutschland zu dieser Thematik durchgefĂŒhrten Untersuchungen vorzustellen. In ErgĂ€nzung werden neue Befunde der Studie »Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell« (GEDA) prĂ€sentiert
The Origin of the Hot Gas in the Galactic Halo: Confronting Models with XMM-Newton Observations
We compare the predictions of three physical models for the origin of the hot
halo gas with the observed halo X-ray emission, derived from 26 high-latitude
XMM-Newton observations of the soft X-ray background between l=120\degr and
l=240\degr. These observations were chosen from a much larger set of
observations as they are expected to be the least contaminated by solar wind
charge exchange emission. We characterize the halo emission in the XMM-Newton
band with a single-temperature plasma model. We find that the observed halo
temperature is fairly constant across the sky (~1.8e6-2.3e6 K), whereas the
halo emission measure varies by an order of magnitude (~0.0005-0.006 cm^-6 pc).
When we compare our observations with the model predictions, we find that most
of the hot gas observed with XMM-Newton does not reside in isolated extraplanar
supernova remnants -- this model predicts emission an order of magnitude too
faint. A model of a supernova-driven interstellar medium, including the flow of
hot gas from the disk into the halo in a galactic fountain, gives good
agreement with the observed 0.4-2.0 keV surface brightness. This model
overpredicts the halo X-ray temperature by a factor of ~2, but there are a
several possible explanations for this discrepancy. We therefore conclude that
a major (possibly dominant) contributor to the halo X-ray emission observed
with XMM-Newton is a fountain of hot gas driven into the halo by disk
supernovae. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the extended hot
halo of accreted material predicted by disk galaxy formation models also
contributes to the emission.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures. New version accepted for publication in ApJ.
Changes include new section discussing systematic errors (Section 3.2),
improved method for characterizing our model spectra (4.2.2), changes to
discussion of other observations (5.1). Note that we can no longer rule out
possibility that extended hot halo of accreted material contributes to
observed halo emission (see 5.2.1
Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A First Look
We present an overview of the Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A Deep
Survey of the Nearest Face-on Spiral Galaxy. The 1.4 Ms survey covers the
galaxy out to R \approx 18\arcmin (\approx 4 kpc). These data provide the
most intensive, high spatial resolution assessment of the X-ray source
populations available for the confused inner regions of M33. Mosaic images of
the ChASeM33 observations show several hundred individual X-ray sources as well
as soft diffuse emission from the hot interstellar medium. Bright, extended
emission surrounds the nucleus and is also seen from the giant \hii regions NGC
604 and IC 131. Fainter extended emission and numerous individual sources
appear to trace the inner spiral structure. The initial source catalog, arising
from ~2/3 of the expected survey data, includes 394 sources significant
at the confidence level or greater, down to a limiting luminosity
(absorbed) of 1.6\ergs{35} (0.35 -- 8.0 keV). The hardness ratios of the
sources separate those with soft, thermal spectra such as supernova remnants
from those with hard, non-thermal spectra such as X-ray binaries and background
active galactic nuclei. Emission extended beyond the Chandra point spread
function is evident in 23 of the 394 sources. Cross-correlation of the ChASeM33
sources against previous catalogs of X-ray sources in M33 results in matches
for the vast majority of the brighter sources and shows 28 ChASeM33 sources
within 10\arcsec of supernova remnants identified by prior optical and radio
searches. This brings the total number of such associations to 31 out of 100
known supernova remnants in M33.Comment: accepted for publication ApJS, full resolution images and complete
tables available at http://hea-www.harvard.edu/vlp_m33_public
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