12 research outputs found

    Cervical Electrical Neuromodulation Effectively Enhances Hand Motor Output in Healthy Subjects by Engaging a Use-Dependent Intervention

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    Altres ajuts: Fundaci贸 La Marat贸 de TV3 2017 (201713.31) to G.G.-A.; Premi Beca "Mike Lane" 2019-Castellers de la Vila de Gr脿cia to H.K.; and National Institutes of Health Grant 1R01 NS102920-01A1 to Y.G.Electrical enabling motor control (eEmc) through transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation is a non-invasive method that can modify the functional state of the sensory-motor system. We hypothesize that eEmc delivery, together with hand training, improves hand function in healthy subjects more than either intervention alone by inducing plastic changes at spinal and cortical levels. Ten voluntary participants were included in the following three interventions: (i) hand grip training, (ii) eEmc, and (iii) eEmc with hand training. Functional evaluation included the box and blocks test (BBT) and hand grip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), spinal and cortical motor evoked potential (sMEP and cMEP), and resting motor thresholds (RMT), short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and F wave in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. eEmc combined with hand training retained MVC and increased F wave amplitude and persistency, reduced cortical RMT and facilitated cMEP amplitude. In contrast, eEmc alone only increased F wave amplitude, whereas hand training alone reduced MVC and increased cortical RMT and SICI. In conclusion, eEmc combined with hand grip training enhanced hand motor output and induced plastic changes at spinal and cortical level in healthy subjects when compared to either intervention alone. These data suggest that electrical neuromodulation changes spinal and, perhaps, supraspinal networks to a more malleable state, while a concomitant use-dependent mechanism drives these networks to a higher functional state

    Cervical electrical neuromodulation effectively enhances hand motor output in healthy subjects by engaging a use-dependent intervention

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    Electrical enabling motor control (eEmc) through transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation is a non-invasive method that can modify the functional state of the sensory-motor system. We hypothesize that eEmc delivery, together with hand training, improves hand function in healthy subjects more than either intervention alone by inducing plastic changes at spinal and cortical levels. Ten voluntary participants were included in the following three interventions: (i) hand grip training, (ii) eEmc, and (iii) eEmc with hand training. Functional evaluation included the box and blocks test (BBT) and hand grip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), spinal and cortical motor evoked potential (sMEP and cMEP), and resting motor thresholds (RMT), short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and F wave in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. eEmc combined with hand training retained MVC and increased F wave amplitude and persistency, reduced cortical RMT and facilitated cMEP amplitude. In contrast, eEmc alone only increased F wave amplitude, whereas hand training alone reduced MVC and increased cortical RMT and SICI. In conclusion, eEmc combined with hand grip training enhanced hand motor output and induced plastic changes at spinal and cortical level in healthy subjects when compared to either intervention alone. These data suggest that electrical neuromodulation changes spinal and, perhaps, supraspinal networks to a more malleable state, while a concomitant use-dependent mechanism drives these networks to a higher functional state

    Caracter铆sticas del dolor neurop谩tico cr贸nico y su relaci贸n con el bienestar psicol贸gico en pacientes con lesi贸n medular

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    Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia del dolor neurop谩tico (DN) en una muestra de pacientes con lesi贸n medular (LM), examinar la relaci贸n entre las caracter铆sticas cl铆nicas, demogr谩ficas y psicol贸gicas con la prevalencia del DN despu茅s de una LM y a su vez con los diferentes tipos de DN, y estudiar el valor predictivo de los factores m谩s significativos. Pacientes y m茅todos. Estudio transversal observacional de un total de 260 pacientes que acudieron a una revisi贸n anual. Las principales medidas de resultados incluyeron presencia/ausencia de DN, 铆ndice de bienestar psicol贸gico, historia detallada del dolor y escala de puntuaci贸n num茅rica de 0-10 para la media de intensidad del dolor. Resultados. 93 pacientes (36%) con LM ten铆an DN. De los pacientes que presentaron DN, un 35% mostr贸 dolor a nivel de la lesi贸n, mientras que un 65% present贸 DN por debajo. La 煤nica variable con capacidad predictiva sobre la prevalencia del DN fue la edad en el momento de la LM. Se observaron diferencias estad铆sticamente significativas entre la prevalencia del DN y la percepci贸n de bienestar psicol贸gico; el grupo de pacientes con DN fue el que tuvo proporcionalmente un malestar psicol贸gico mayor. En cuanto a los diferentes tipos de DN, las variables con capacidad predictiva sobre la clasificaci贸n del DN eran el inicio temprano del dolor en el DN a nivel y el hecho de que la lesi贸n sea incompleta en el DN por debajo. Conclusi贸n. El DN aparece con frecuencia despu茅s de la LM y se da de forma m谩s com煤n en aquellos pacientes que han sufrido la lesi贸n a edades m谩s avanzadas. El DN tiene un impacto negativo en la percepci贸n de bienestar psicol贸gicoAIMS. To determine the prevalence of neuropathic pain (NP) in a sample of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), to examine the relation between clinical, demographic and psychological characteristics with the prevalence of NP after SCI and the different types of NP, and to study predictive factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Transversal observational study of 260 patients who attended their annual revision. Main outcome measures included presence/absence of NP, psychological well-being index, detailed pain history and 0-10 numerical rating scale of average pain intensity. RESULTS. 93 patients (36%) with SCI had NP. Of the patients with NP, 35% showed pain at level, while 65% showed NP below the level of injury. The only variable with a predictive value on the prevalence of NP was older age at the time of SCI. Statistically significant differences were observed between the prevalence of NP and the perception of psychological well-being; patients with NP were the ones with more psychological distress. As for the different types of NP, the variables with predictive value on the classification of NP were early onset of pain at level, and incompleteness of the lesion in the below level NP. CONCLUSION. The results of this study show that NP appears frequently after SCI being more prevalent in patients who suffered the injury at more advanced ages. NP has a negative impact on the perception of psychological well-bein

    Entrenamiento de la marcha en el lesionado medular. Uso de sistemas electromec谩nicos y estimulaci贸n transcraneal no invasiva

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    Las lesiones medulares presentan, como una de las consecuencias principales, una alteraci贸n o p茅rdida de la capacidad de marcha. Basado en modelos animales, a finales de los a帽os 80 se desarroll贸 el Entrenamiento de la Marcha Asistida con Soporte Parcial del Peso Corporal (EMA-SPPC) utilizando una cinta sin fin y la suspensi贸n parcial del peso corporal mediante un arn茅s. El desarrollo de tecnolog铆a rob贸tica para el EMA-SPPC ha llevado a la introducci贸n de sistemas como el Lokomat庐 y el Gait Trainer GT I庐 en los centros de neurorehabilitaci贸n. Planteamos un estudio longitudinal en pacientes con una lesi贸n medular utilizando estos dos sistemas (Lokomat庐 o Gait Trainer GT I庐) con una frecuencia y duraci贸n del entrenamiento determinadas. La respuesta al entrenamiento la valoramos utilizando escalas cl铆nicas y funcionales ya establecidas que nos permiten objetivar las ganancias obtenidas. Los resultados apoyan el uso preferente de estos sistemas en pacientes con una lesi贸n motora incompleta y que los mayores beneficios se encuentran cuando se inicia el entrenamiento en las fases tempranas, dentro de los 6 primeros meses tras la lesi贸n. Como otra herramienta de valoraci贸n de resultados utilizamos tambi茅n t茅cnicas neurofisiol贸gicas. Es conocida la importancia de la modulaci贸n de los reflejos para obtener un control motor adecuado. En concreto examinamos la modulaci贸n del reflejo H por estimulaci贸n magn茅tica transcraneal (EMT) y su evoluci贸n tras el entrenamiento de la marcha. De esta forma encontramos que los pacientes con una lesi贸n medular incompleta motora tienen alteraciones en el control de los reflejos espinales segmentarios, cuyo correlato neurofisiol贸gico se encuentra en una disminuci贸n de la facilitaci贸n del reflejo H inducida por EMT (en la fase de 20 ms.). La facilitaci贸n temprana (20 ms) del reflejo H por EMT aumenta en mayor medida tras la rehabilitaci贸n en aquellos pacientes que empezaron su entrenamiento con < 3 meses desde su lesi贸n. Existe una correlaci贸n positiva entre el incremento de facilitaci贸n del reflejo H por EMT y la mejora en la funcionalidad (escala de marcha WISCI II) tras el entrenamiento en aquellos pacientes con < 3 meses de evoluci贸n. La modulaci贸n del reflejo H por EMT puede ser otra herramienta para la valoraci贸n de los lesionados medulares aportando medidas cuantitativas del control del cortex motor sobre los reflejos de las extremidades inferiores. La EMT adem谩s de como herramienta diagnostica puede ser utilizada de forma terap茅utica en su modalidad repetitiva (EMTr). La EMTr puede modular la excitabilidad cortical e inducir cambios sobre las v铆as cortico espinales. De esta forma nos planteamos el uso combinado de la rehabilitaci贸n de la marcha con EMTr de alta frecuencia y su influencia en los resultados funcionales del paciente. La EMTr asociada al entrenamiento de la marcha en sujetos con una lesi贸n medular incompleta mejora el balance muscular de las EEII, la espasticidad y la velocidad de marcha. Las ganancias funcionales se mantienen por lo menos 2 semanas tras el tratamiento. Se postula que el mecanismo a trav茅s del cual la EMTr produce las mejoras descritas es a trav茅s de la facilitaci贸n de las proyecciones corticoespinales. Podemos considerar la EMTr como una herramienta prometedora en los programas de rehabilitaci贸n de la lesi贸n medular.Spinal cord injuries (SCI) have as one of the main consequences, the alteration or loss of the ambulation capacity. Based on animal models, in the late 1980s, body weight鈥搒upported treadmill training (BWSTT) was developed for gait rehabilitation using a treadmill, body weight support, and manual assistance. The development of robotic technology for the BWSTT, has come to the introduction of new systems like the Lokomat庐 and the Gait Trainer GT I庐 in the neurorehabilitation centers. We conducted a longitudinal study in subjects with a spinal cord injury using these two systems (Lokomat庐 or Gait Trainer GT I庐) with the same frequency and duration of training. The response to training was assessed using accepted clinical impairment and functional scales, allowing us to assess the improvement obtained. The results support the preferred use of these systems in patients with an incomplete motor lesion, and that the most benefits are obtained if the training is started in the initial phases, especially in the first 6 months post injury. As another tool for evaluation of outcomes we also use neurophysiological techniques. It is well known, that the modulation of reflexes is an important aspect of motor control. In particularly we studied the H reflex modulation by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and its change after gait training. We found that the subjects with a motor incomplete SCI have a deficit in the appropriate control of the spinal reflexes, with a neurophysiologic correlation of a reduced H reflex facilitation by TMS (phase of 20 ms). The H reflex modulation by TMS at the early phase (20 ms) improves after gait training on those subjects who stated the training in the first 3 months after injury. There is a good correlation between the increase of H reflex facilitation and the improvement in functional aspects (gait scale WISCI II) after training in the group with less than 3 months after injury. The H reflex modulation by TMS may be another neurophysiological tool to provide quantified measures to the supraspinal control of lower limb reflexes in patients with SCI. Besides being a diagnostic tool, TMS may be used as a therapeutic tool in its repetitive mode (rTMS). rTMS may modulate cortical excitability and induce changes in the corticospinal tracts. We conducted a study combining gait training with high frequency rTMS, in order to assess the influence of the rTMS in the functional outcome of the patient. Our results showed that rTMS combined with gait training are beneficial for motor recovery in the lower limbs, walking speed, and reduction of spasticity in incomplete SCI patients. The functional gains were maintained at least 2 weeks post training. It is possible that the improvements found are induced through the facilitation of corticospinal excitability. We can consider rTMS as a promising tool in the SCI rehabilitation programs

    Entrenamiento de la marcha en el lesionado medular : uso de sistemas electromec谩nicos y estimulaci贸n transcraneal no invasiva /

    Get PDF
    Las lesiones medulares presentan, como una de las consecuencias principales, una alteraci贸n o p茅rdida de la capacidad de marcha. Basado en modelos animales, a finales de los a帽os 80 se desarroll贸 el Entrenamiento de la Marcha Asistida con Soporte Parcial del Peso Corporal (EMA-SPPC) utilizando una cinta sin fin y la suspensi贸n parcial del peso corporal mediante un arn茅s. El desarrollo de tecnolog铆a rob贸tica para el EMA-SPPC ha llevado a la introducci贸n de sistemas como el Lokomat庐 y el Gait Trainer GT I庐 en los centros de neurorehabilitaci贸n. Planteamos un estudio longitudinal en pacientes con una lesi贸n medular utilizando estos dos sistemas (Lokomat庐 o Gait Trainer GT I庐) con una frecuencia y duraci贸n del entrenamiento determinadas. La respuesta al entrenamiento la valoramos utilizando escalas cl铆nicas y funcionales ya establecidas que nos permiten objetivar las ganancias obtenidas. Los resultados apoyan el uso preferente de estos sistemas en pacientes con una lesi贸n motora incompleta y que los mayores beneficios se encuentran cuando se inicia el entrenamiento en las fases tempranas, dentro de los 6 primeros meses tras la lesi贸n. Como otra herramienta de valoraci贸n de resultados utilizamos tambi茅n t茅cnicas neurofisiol贸gicas. Es conocida la importancia de la modulaci贸n de los reflejos para obtener un control motor adecuado. En concreto examinamos la modulaci贸n del reflejo H por estimulaci贸n magn茅tica transcraneal (EMT) y su evoluci贸n tras el entrenamiento de la marcha. De esta forma encontramos que los pacientes con una lesi贸n medular incompleta motora tienen alteraciones en el control de los reflejos espinales segmentarios, cuyo correlato neurofisiol贸gico se encuentra en una disminuci贸n de la facilitaci贸n del reflejo H inducida por EMT (en la fase de 20 ms.). La facilitaci贸n temprana (20 ms) del reflejo H por EMT aumenta en mayor medida tras la rehabilitaci贸n en aquellos pacientes que empezaron su entrenamiento con 3 meses desde su lesi贸n. Existe una correlaci贸n positiva entre el incremento de facilitaci贸n del reflejo H por EMT y la mejora en la funcionalidad (escala de marcha WISCI II) tras el entrenamiento en aquellos pacientes con 3 meses de evoluci贸n. La modulaci贸n del reflejo H por EMT puede ser otra herramienta para la valoraci贸n de los lesionados medulares aportando medidas cuantitativas del control del cortex motor sobre los reflejos de las extremidades inferiores. La EMT adem谩s de como herramienta diagnostica puede ser utilizada de forma terap茅utica en su modalidad repetitiva (EMTr). La EMTr puede modular la excitabilidad cortical e inducir cambios sobre las v铆as cortico espinales. De esta forma nos planteamos el uso combinado de la rehabilitaci贸n de la marcha con EMTr de alta frecuencia y su influencia en los resultados funcionales del paciente. La EMTr asociada al entrenamiento de la marcha en sujetos con una lesi贸n medular incompleta mejora el balance muscular de las EEII, la espasticidad y la velocidad de marcha. Las ganancias funcionales se mantienen por lo menos 2 semanas tras el tratamiento. Se postula que el mecanismo a trav茅s del cual la EMTr produce las mejoras descritas es a trav茅s de la facilitaci贸n de las proyecciones corticoespinales. Podemos considerar la EMTr como una herramienta prometedora en los programas de rehabilitaci贸n de la lesi贸n medular.Spinal cord injuries (SCI) have as one of the main consequences, the alteration or loss of the ambulation capacity. Based on animal models, in the late 1980s, body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) was developed for gait rehabilitation using a treadmill, body weight support, and manual assistance. The development of robotic technology for the BWSTT, has come to the introduction of new systems like the Lokomat庐 and the Gait Trainer GT I庐 in the neurorehabilitation centers. We conducted a longitudinal study in subjects with a spinal cord injury using these two systems (Lokomat庐 or Gait Trainer GT I庐) with the same frequency and duration of training. The response to training was assessed using accepted clinical impairment and functional scales, allowing us to assess the improvement obtained. The results support the preferred use of these systems in patients with an incomplete motor lesion, and that the most benefits are obtained if the training is started in the initial phases, especially in the first 6 months post injury. As another tool for evaluation of outcomes we also use neurophysiological techniques. It is well known, that the modulation of reflexes is an important aspect of motor control. In particularly we studied the H reflex modulation by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and its change after gait training. We found that the subjects with a motor incomplete SCI have a deficit in the appropriate control of the spinal reflexes, with a neurophysiologic correlation of a reduced H reflex facilitation by TMS (phase of 20 ms). The H reflex modulation by TMS at the early phase (20 ms) improves after gait training on those subjects who stated the training in the first 3 months after injury. There is a good correlation between the increase of H reflex facilitation and the improvement in functional aspects (gait scale WISCI II) after training in the group with less than 3 months after injury. The H reflex modulation by TMS may be another neurophysiological tool to provide quantified measures to the supraspinal control of lower limb reflexes in patients with SCI. Besides being a diagnostic tool, TMS may be used as a therapeutic tool in its repetitive mode (rTMS). rTMS may modulate cortical excitability and induce changes in the corticospinal tracts. We conducted a study combining gait training with high frequency rTMS, in order to assess the influence of the rTMS in the functional outcome of the patient. Our results showed that rTMS combined with gait training are beneficial for motor recovery in the lower limbs, walking speed, and reduction of spasticity in incomplete SCI patients. The functional gains were maintained at least 2 weeks post training. It is possible that the improvements found are induced through the facilitation of corticospinal excitability. We can consider rTMS as a promising tool in the SCI rehabilitation programs

    Recuperaci贸n de la funci贸n de la extremidad superior en esclerosis m煤ltiple mediante neuromodulaci贸n el茅ctrica espinal asistida con exoesqueleto rob贸tico

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    Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of combination in robotic exoskeleton-assisted transcutaneous spinal electrical neuromodulation on upper limb recovery function in people with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Randomized clinical trial with control group (double blind). Data was collected with various scales such as: Nine Hole Peg Test, Functional Independence Measure or Modified Ashworth Scale. The study will last 18 weeks in wich 4 evaluations will be made: initial, continuous, post-treatment and follow-up after 2 months without treatment. The sample will be created on patients diagnosed multiple sclerosis. Discussion: The combination of these techniques or approaches is expected to improve the functionality of upper limb on these patients and consequently their quality of life and independence in their daily life.Objetivos: evaluar la efectividad de la combinaci贸n de la neuromodulaci贸n el茅ctrica espinal transcut谩nea asistida con exoesqueleto rob贸tico en la recuperaci贸n de la funci贸n de la extremidad superior en personas con esclerosis m煤ltiple. M茅todos: ensayo cl铆nico aleatorizado con grupo control (doble ciego). Para la recogida de datos se emplean diversas escalas como: Nine Hole Peg Test, Functional Independence Measure o Modified Ashworth Scale entre otras. El estudio durar谩 18 semanas en las que se realizar谩n cuatro evaluaciones: inicial, continua, postratamiento y de seguimiento tras dos meses sin tratamiento. La muestra estar谩 formada por personas diagnosticadas de esclerosis m煤ltiple. Discusi贸n: se espera que la combinaci贸n de estas t茅cnicas o abordajes mejore la funcionalidad de la extremidad superior en estas personas y consecuentemente su calidad de vida e independencia en su cotidianeidad

    Placebo-controlled study of rTMS combined with Lokomat(A (R)) gait training for treatment in subjects with motor incomplete spinal cord injury

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    High-frequency rTMS combined with gait training improves lower extremity motor score (LEMS) and gait velocity in SCI subjects who are able to walk over ground. The aim of this study was to optimize the functional outcome in early phases of gait rehabilitation in SCI using rTMS as an additional treatment to physical therapy. The present study included 31 motor incomplete SCI subjects randomized to receive real or sham rTMS, just before Lokomat gait training (15 subjects for real, 16 for sham rTMS). rTMS consisted of one daily session for 20 days over vertex (at 20 Hz). The subjects were evaluated using modified Ashworth scale (MAS) for spasticity, upper and lower extremity motor score (UEMS and LEMS, respectively), ten meters walking test (10MWT) and Walking Index for SCI (WISCI-II) for gait at baseline, after last rTMS session, and during follow-up. UEMS and LEMS improved significantly after last session in both groups and during follow-up period. The improvement was greater in real than in sham rTMS group. At follow-up, 71.4 % of the subjects after real rTMS and 40 % of the subjects after sham rTMS could perform 10MWT without significant differences in gait velocity, cadence, step length and WISCI-II between both groups. We conclude that 20 sessions of daily high-frequency rTMS combined with Lokomat gait training can lead to clinical improvement of gait in motor incomplete SCI. Such combined treatment improved motor strength in lower extremity in incomplete SCI subjects and in upper extremity in those with cervical SCI.Medicin

    Caracter铆sticas del dolor neurop谩tico cr贸nico y su relaci贸n con el bienestar psicol贸gico en pacientes con lesi贸n medular

    No full text
    Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia del dolor neurop谩tico (DN) en una muestra de pacientes con lesi贸n medular (LM), examinar la relaci贸n entre las caracter铆sticas cl铆nicas, demogr谩ficas y psicol贸gicas con la prevalencia del DN despu茅s de una LM y a su vez con los diferentes tipos de DN, y estudiar el valor predictivo de los factores m谩s significativos. Pacientes y m茅todos. Estudio transversal observacional de un total de 260 pacientes que acudieron a una revisi贸n anual. Las principales medidas de resultados incluyeron presencia/ausencia de DN, 铆ndice de bienestar psicol贸gico, historia detallada del dolor y escala de puntuaci贸n num茅rica de 0-10 para la media de intensidad del dolor. Resultados. 93 pacientes (36%) con LM ten铆an DN. De los pacientes que presentaron DN, un 35% mostr贸 dolor a nivel de la lesi贸n, mientras que un 65% present贸 DN por debajo. La 煤nica variable con capacidad predictiva sobre la prevalencia del DN fue la edad en el momento de la LM. Se observaron diferencias estad铆sticamente significativas entre la prevalencia del DN y la percepci贸n de bienestar psicol贸gico; el grupo de pacientes con DN fue el que tuvo proporcionalmente un malestar psicol贸gico mayor. En cuanto a los diferentes tipos de DN, las variables con capacidad predictiva sobre la clasificaci贸n del DN eran el inicio temprano del dolor en el DN a nivel y el hecho de que la lesi贸n sea incompleta en el DN por debajo. Conclusi贸n. El DN aparece con frecuencia despu茅s de la LM y se da de forma m谩s com煤n en aquellos pacientes que han sufrido la lesi贸n a edades m谩s avanzadas. El DN tiene un impacto negativo en la percepci贸n de bienestar psicol贸gicoAIMS. To determine the prevalence of neuropathic pain (NP) in a sample of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), to examine the relation between clinical, demographic and psychological characteristics with the prevalence of NP after SCI and the different types of NP, and to study predictive factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Transversal observational study of 260 patients who attended their annual revision. Main outcome measures included presence/absence of NP, psychological well-being index, detailed pain history and 0-10 numerical rating scale of average pain intensity. RESULTS. 93 patients (36%) with SCI had NP. Of the patients with NP, 35% showed pain at level, while 65% showed NP below the level of injury. The only variable with a predictive value on the prevalence of NP was older age at the time of SCI. Statistically significant differences were observed between the prevalence of NP and the perception of psychological well-being; patients with NP were the ones with more psychological distress. As for the different types of NP, the variables with predictive value on the classification of NP were early onset of pain at level, and incompleteness of the lesion in the below level NP. CONCLUSION. The results of this study show that NP appears frequently after SCI being more prevalent in patients who suffered the injury at more advanced ages. NP has a negative impact on the perception of psychological well-bein

    Cervical Electrical Neuromodulation Effectively Enhances Hand Motor Output in Healthy Subjects by Engaging a Use-Dependent Intervention

    No full text
    Altres ajuts: Fundaci贸 La Marat贸 de TV3 2017 (201713.31) to G.G.-A.; Premi Beca "Mike Lane" 2019-Castellers de la Vila de Gr脿cia to H.K.; and National Institutes of Health Grant 1R01 NS102920-01A1 to Y.G.Electrical enabling motor control (eEmc) through transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation is a non-invasive method that can modify the functional state of the sensory-motor system. We hypothesize that eEmc delivery, together with hand training, improves hand function in healthy subjects more than either intervention alone by inducing plastic changes at spinal and cortical levels. Ten voluntary participants were included in the following three interventions: (i) hand grip training, (ii) eEmc, and (iii) eEmc with hand training. Functional evaluation included the box and blocks test (BBT) and hand grip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), spinal and cortical motor evoked potential (sMEP and cMEP), and resting motor thresholds (RMT), short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and F wave in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. eEmc combined with hand training retained MVC and increased F wave amplitude and persistency, reduced cortical RMT and facilitated cMEP amplitude. In contrast, eEmc alone only increased F wave amplitude, whereas hand training alone reduced MVC and increased cortical RMT and SICI. In conclusion, eEmc combined with hand grip training enhanced hand motor output and induced plastic changes at spinal and cortical level in healthy subjects when compared to either intervention alone. These data suggest that electrical neuromodulation changes spinal and, perhaps, supraspinal networks to a more malleable state, while a concomitant use-dependent mechanism drives these networks to a higher functional state
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